Raspberry PI Stock

Good afternoon, and welcome to the Raspberry Pi Holdings plc Interim Results 2026 Investor Presentation. [Operator Instructions] Before we begin, I would like to submit the poll. I would now like to hand you over to CEO, Eben Upton. Good afternoon.

Good afternoon, and welcome, everybody. Welcome to our 2026 interim results. I'm Eben, joined by my colleague, Richard. We're going to take you through the first half financial results of the business, give you some updates on progress against our strategy. But I think first, perhaps we could just take a quick look at some of the highlights of the half. I mean quite simply, this was an exceptional first half for us. So record revenue, record profitability in the business. We shipped over 4 million units. We shipped 4.2 million Raspberry Pi's in the half with our customer order backlog doubling to 2.6 million units. And all of this happened despite an incredibly challenging supply chain environment. Our diversified DRAM supplier base helped us weather the worst of that, helped us keep our products in production and in availability through the half.

Despite these challenges, we kept innovating. The half saw 5 new product and platform launches, improving support for AI workloads on Raspberry Pi 5, helping our OEM users through the memory crisis by giving them more memory density options on RP4 and streamlining IoT deployments through improvements to our Raspberry Pi Connect platform. We kept investing in our OEM customers, too, making targeted hires into our commercial team and our board-to-board program continued to deliver traction in the smart home and defense sectors with a number of meetings with C-suite -- numbers of the C-suites of U.K. listed industrials. We kept investing in broader operational capacity, too. We hired Tim [indiscernible] in March as our first Chief Operating Officer. He and his team are already building the repeatable processes that will allow us to continue to scale our business without sacrificing the engineering-led culture, which makes Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Pi. And together, these developments give us confidence in our outlook for the rest of the year. We're expecting higher volumes in the second half than in the first half, and we're expecting full year adjusted EBITDA to be above market consensus.

So now I'll hand over to Richard for the financials.

Great. So I think as Eben said, this was, I think, across all -- almost all metrics, a very good half. We had a strong improvement in unit volume. It continued to grow half-on-half, as you can see from the chart. It's really progressed from actually the end of 2024, each half, we've consistently grown, finishing at 4.2 million units. It was particularly good to see the demand was in compute modules, Raspberry Pi 4, Raspberry Pi 5, our higher margin, our higher-value boards, our latest boards.

That indeed -- that demand was strong that left us with a backlog of units at the end of at the end of June 2026 compared to 600,000 at the end of 2025 to 2.6 million now. And so over the period, we've had to increase prices because of memory increases. But pleased to see how the demand for products has held up through that period. And indeed, the demand for our 4-gigabytes and 8-gigabyte versions of Pi 5, Pi 4 has continued to be very strong even though prices have had to go up. Overall, that gross profit per board improved significantly because of those price increases and also because of the benefit of memory that we had acquired at the end of 2025 at lower costs that we have used in that first half. So overall, we ended up with gross profit up to $59 million, up from $33 million a year ago, and that dropped through to a profit of adjusted EBITDA, our key profit metric of $40.3 million compared to $19.4 million in the first half of 2025.

Sorry, forgive me. It's a slight remote control -- moving on to the next slide. Yes. 26% growth in our direct units. So overall, the units supplied by us, so manufactured in our factory with Sony in Wales grew by some 26%. The volumes with Farnell were a bit slower. And overall, we ended up with volumes up 17%. That was again, as I said earlier, particularly strong growth in compute modules and Pi 5, Pi 4. We saw lower growth, probably slightly negative actually in the case of Pico and Zero, which you may know are our lower cost boards. In the case of Zero, that volume was limited by access to supply. Our packager of the processor chip in Taiwan was somewhat distracted by data centers. That is now resolved, and that's part of the backlog reduction that we expect to see in the second half.

So overall, strong performance on units. That translated into a strong growth in revenue. So with the increase in units and also an increase in the average selling price. As I said, we increased our prices because of us needing to pass through the increased cost of memory. So our prices went up about 42%, leading to an over 90% increase in revenue through the period. Our revenue is -- comprises a mixture of things. It includes royalty income for Farnell. It includes the direct sales to boards, includes the sale of accessories and also includes the sale of memory chips and processor chips to Farnell to make Raspberry Pi's. So it really does have a number of different things with quite different margin structures. So when we look at the business, we focus more on gross profit and in particular, gross profit per unit combined with the number of units that we've sold.

Gross profit overall increased by 79% due to those higher sales I've talked about and also this improvement in gross profit per board. Gross profit per board, so that's the profit we're making from sale of boards divided by the total number of boards in the period, increased by 53% from $8 in the first half of last year to $12.20 in this half. That reflected a combination of factors. It was the increase in the prices that we were selling and actually the way in which those took effect once we announced them. But also this benefit of inventory that we brought in to the beginning of the year where we had bought at significantly lower prices before the increase in memory costs that we've seen really in the last 6 months to 9 months. That beneficial effect has probably been largely consumed now by the time in the middle of the year. I think it's fair to say that the current cost of inventory that we are now holding, we're now putting into boards is much closer to the price at which we would buy further inventory at the moment.

The other standout was accessories. We had a very good half for Accessories compared to the number of boards sold. It grew that gross profit per boards increased by -- sorry, the gross profit increased by 90% to $7.8 million compared to about half of that number 1 year ago, at a number of about $1.90 per board sold, which is well above our target that we set ourselves of $1 per board. We saw particularly strong growth in Compute, in Cameras, in SD cards, Displays, but also in AI Hats that we work -- we put together with our friends at Halo, and we sell as an add-on to the Raspberry Pi, the Raspberry Pi is giving you additional compute for -- particularly for AI models such as neural compilation neural networks or also for large language models on the latest version with Halo. Overall, so a strong growth of gross profit in the period.

Moving on to the next slide. Just putting those together in terms of how did our EBITDA evolve through. We came into first half of last year was $19.4 million. Unit growth has given us probably nearly $5 million of additional profit, so the additional units. That gross profit per board, so moving from $8 to $12 for each of those boards is probably worth nearly $18 million of additional profit. Some of that clearly because of the memory that we brought in and also some orders that we had placed in the tail-end of '25 at particularly good prices this year. We think the value of that was probably a one-off, if you will, of somewhere between $10 million or $15 million. And then the appreciation accessories. And then in terms of overheads, the research and development expenditure that we have that is not capitalized. It's research and development, it's research, it's software development, which typically we don't capitalize. That increased by about $700,000. That's predominantly some more heads, but also inflation and salary increases.

And then adjusted administrative costs, this is more of the general central team, be that sales, be it [indiscernible] like myself, that grew by about $4.6 million. That was a combination of -- there were some one-off effects of foreign exchange. There's some additional bonuses reflecting this much stronger performance. That was probably -- there's about $1 million of extra accrual, $1.5 million there. And the remainder is really headcount increases and increases in salaries generally across the team. Allowing for those, we ended with the half with a result of $40.3 million of EBITDA.

The next slide sets out the income statement, very much the matters we've just covered recently. I'm going to skip over that one. And I am going to move on to the description of the balance sheet here, but I think the best way to express that is in the cash flow and how our cash flow has moved across the period. We came into the beginning of this year with $28 million of cash. EBITDA, the profits that we've just been talking about contributed $40 million. We've then spent significantly on inventory. That is almost entirely that increase in inventory that we are now carrying is $106 million of that is purchases of DRAM that we use in our boards. I think that has -- and that is the position at the end of June. That's put us into a much stronger position in terms of having nearly 3-months of inventory. We've continued to add to that recently such that we have good confidence that we can meet our production plans for the remainder of this year and into the first quarter of next year. But that memory, obviously, these days is at a significantly higher price than it was a few years ago.

That inventory at the end of June that was funded in part by payables. We bought significant amounts in June itself, and therefore, there was a payable at the end of the period. That has started to reduce. So this is where we've seen a cash outflow continuing post the end of June. And therefore, we're drawing on our bank facilities. We increased those facilities to $140 million of committed funds. That was completed in early July, which has given us a position where we're able to buy inventory where the opportunity arises to secure that future production to secure good prices on the products such that we can maintain an attractive level of profitability. But I think it's fair to say that in the second half, the profit per unit will come down as those memory costs now are closer to market levels rather than based on prices from very good historic purchases.

Receivables also, we saw some outflow in those as at the end of June. That was really a function of just how strong trading in the month of June was a very active month, obviously, compared to December, which is a quieter month by the end of the month itself. But also just generally trading has been so much more -- so much stronger with real momentum coming into the second half.

We spent about $11 million on CapEx in the first half, very consistent with the guidance that we've given for the last few years of about $20 million of CapEx for any full year. So that continues. A little bit of tax, leaving us with a closing position of about $8.4 million of tax. As I say, I think in the second half, those payables will reduce. They were particularly high at the end of June. And we also expect to be buying and holding quite a bit of memory. We can see the opportunity to do so. That will leave us probably with acquiring further inventory such that we would expect to see our debt levels at, say, $40 million to $50 million. But I think we should flag that if opportunities arise, if there are good prices, if there is the opportunity to acquire the right memory, we will utilize the additional -- some of the additional headroom we have on the bank facilities to add to that inventory to make sure that we go into next year, in a particularly strong shape.

Just touching on a final slide from me. Memory purchases. I think one of the things that's notable is compared to the announcement that we made in early June about how strong trading was, a lot of the numbers I've talked about here are very much in line with that. I think to me, the additional feature, the additional new news probably is the strength of our position with memory purchases. I think Mike [indiscernible], our Chief Commercial Officer, has done a phenomenal job of talking to packages, manufacturers of memory to secure that. And that position, I think, it is a step forward from where we were even 2 months or 3 months ago. How have we got into that position with a stronger position on memory? We've diversified suppliers. We now have approximately 7 different companies providing memory to us compared to 2, a year ago.

We have used our engineering skills to technically innovate to actually allow us to use two, 1 gigabyte pieces of DRAM to create a 2-gigabyte board. I'm not sure I got the math right on that. And two lots of two to make four, which is binary, how easy. Similarly, on pricing, we have, I think, minimized the disruption to our customers' expectations of us by communicating quite clearly the reasons for price increases to be seen to be passing through price increases rather than caring on selected products and really also providing in terms of a Raspberry Pi 3-gigabyte variant, additional options for customers who maybe did not want to go to suffer the whole of a price increase that was necessary.

And we continue to make strategic purchases. We have seen the opportunity with our balance sheet, with our connections, our reputation to make further purchases from suppliers who, in certain cases, are keen to establish a presence elsewhere and we have been a very good -- we seem to be a very good partner to them in achieving that. So I think overall, a lot of activity in terms of securing memory, and that's put us into a stronger position than we were, say, 3 months ago. And I think in that good position, hand over to Eben to talk some more.

Thank you, Richard. So before we dive into the strategy update, just to recap about the three pillars of our growth strategy.

Firstly, obviously, to grow unit sales through investment in channel and through increasingly through our board-to-board program through direct outreach to OEMs. Then for each of those units we sell, aiming to grow the unit profit margin, that's both through engineering, to grind cost out of the platform and over time to acquire a larger share of the silicon bill of materials in each device. And the gradual migration, and we've seen this continue this year, the gradual migration of our customers to higher density SKUs. Even in this constrained DRAM environment, we have seen an increasing preference from many of our customers for higher density SKUs. So higher density SKUs, the higher ASP SKUs and that higher ASP brings with it a higher unit profit.

And then finally, growing our margin participation, growing our participation in that margin. Obviously, the bard-to-board initiative, particularly fertile source of direct relationships with OEMs of our three different routes to market, the direct to OEM route is the route that allows us to capture the larger share of that unit profit margin in the device.

A little bit more detail about product launches. As we said, 5 launches in the half. That is a relatively quiet half for us compared to recent years, but with some real strategic highlights that I think speak to the strategic direction of the business. At the start of the half, the second-generation Raspberry Pi AI Hat accessory codeveloped with our friends at Halo and bringing generative AI capabilities to the platform. The original AI accessory very much focused on vision operations, are very much focused on the classical network architectures, so convolution neural network architectures. This new product brings with it both the ability to run small and large language models and vision language models and also on the vision side, the more modern architectures, so transformer based, vision transformer-based classification algorithms.

In the middle of the period, the 3 gigabyte variant of Raspberry Pi 4, that's in direct response to specific OEM requests for an intermediate density point. We continue to be surprised by the extent to which our OEM customers aren't trading down. If anything, they're trading up for memory, but we do have OEM customers who welcome the opportunity to invest fixed cost to do engineering -- to make engineering investments to take memory requirements out of their software platforms, providing for -- if you think of the 4-gig products really the heart in our modern products, the Raspberry Pi 4 and Raspberry Pi 5, 4-gigabytes really is the heart of the business. We have an enormous number of 4 gigabyte OEM customers. It is challenging for a 4-gigabyte customer to come down to 2-gigabytes by providing that intermediate density point on the Raspberry Pi 4 platform, we're able to serve those customers who want to trade engineering effort for unit cost.

And then not quite in the half, just off the end, just into the start in July at the start of this half. We have the Programming Jig for Compute Module 5. This is our -- part of our offering to our OEM customers who would be able to program Raspberry Pi Compute Modules in production at scale, designed to integrate with some of the work we've done on our Operating System assembly and Imaging over the last couple of years. And in parallel with all these efforts, of course, we've seen a series of upgrades to Raspberry Pi Connect, our IT cloud platform. Very different cadence for this from what I'm certainly used to. Certainly, if you imagine the cadence of hardware releases being on the order of years, the cadence of operating -- operating system software releases being on the order of months, quarters or months. This is a product which has seen multiple upgrades with a cadence of weeks across the half, seeing continued -- that's driving continued strong growth in adoption, both of the baseline Raspberry Pi Connect platform, for free Connect platform and the paid for Raspberry Pi Connect organizations platform.

Now we love case study slides. We couldn't not feature this one, I think, in the slide deck. FormLabs, 3D printer company, they're a long-time Raspberry Pi adopter, a very loyal adopter of Raspberry Pi technology, outsourcing as with many of our OEM customers, outsourcing really the intelligence element, the compute element at the heart of their professional 3D printers to us, a wonderful gesture, I guess -- every time an OEM makes that choice, it is a gesture of commitment, it's a gesture of faith in the Raspberry Pi organization and the Raspberry Pi platform. And it was wonderful to see the format Raspberry Pi powered FormLabs 3D printer taking private place in one of the videos that we shown this month's Apple event. So these devices really do get absolutely everywhere.

Really, this is the -- we talked a little bit about products. But really, I think the news about this half for us is it's been a period of organizational transformation for Raspberry Pi. We've been growing. We've been evolving the executive team inside the organization. In March, we appointed Tim [indiscernible], a very old friend of mine, as our very first Chief Operating Officer. And then this is Richard's last appearance in a results presentation. [ Tim Powell ] will be succeeding Richard as Chief Financial Officer from the end of next month.

We've been making targeted hires across the rest of the organization as well in engineering, in operations, in finance and in enterprise, sales as we aim to both increase the organization's ability to develop innovative new products and then our ability to support those -- to sell and support those products into our enthusiast, our industrial and our OEM customer base. There's been a focus in the new operations organization under Tim. There's been a focus really on building the capabilities, the structures and capabilities that we need to support the next phase of Raspberry Pi's growth. This is across the organization in engineering operations, but with a particular focus on manufacturing and supply chain operations, really driving Sony, our manufacturing partner for the majority of our products, driving their production capacity out to 1 million units a month, which is where we believe it needs to be in order to support our growth ambitions over the next few years.

We've been expanding the commercial team as well, both colleagues who support our approved reseller and authorized distributor channel and the partners who support the growing number of direct OEM engagements within the business. As we've deepened our relation -- our direct relationship with OEMs, particularly with the OEMs who we meet through our Board program, these tend to be larger potential opportunities, but they also tend to be opportunities which may require more targeted support from our organization to get those opportunities over the line. So we've been making those investments in our application engineering team to sustain -- to be able to sustain those engagements even as they require a little bit more touch, as I say, to get them over the line.

A word on competitive landscape. It really is a rapidly changing competitive environment at the moment. And I think what we're seeing is we're seeing Raspberry Pi's core brand values, our very long-standing core brand values, our industry-leading cost structure, which is underpinned both by proprietary technology and by that end-to-end engineering culture we've built that really can go hunting for cost optimization opportunities throughout the entire technology stack. Our commitments to the very long-term support and very long-term availability of our products and the unmatched organic ecosystem that's grown up around Raspberry Pi. So these are our long-standing brand values. And I think what we're seeing this year, we've seen over the last couple of years, is we're starting to intersect with a set of new imperatives in this more complex environment we're living in. So we're seeing a greater emphasis in many of our markets on sovereign capability, for our American customers, North America, the United States accounts for roughly 1/3 of our business. And in that environment, our customers have a particular focus now on the tariff implications of the tariff behavior of their supply chain. And there, we are building our products, building the vast majority of our products in the United Kingdom. We are differentially advantaged from a tariff perspective versus almost any other nondomestic manufacturing location for an American customer.

And finally, we see a growing amount of regulatory burden, growing regulatory burden on our customers who are building connected products, our customers who are building IoT products are having to comply with an increasingly strict set of requirements in order to be able to legally ship those, the cyber is the most obvious example. It is increasingly important not just to be able to build products, but to keep those products secure over time, to have a story about how you keep them secure over time, an evidenced story about how you expect to keep those products secure over time. And you're not just generating when you build a software image for your system, you're not just generating software, of course, you're also generating compliance after tax, which must be synchronized with that software build. And many of the investments that we've made over the last few years in deepening the Raspberry Pi software ecosystem are really coming to bear and are becoming increasingly salient as people as many of our OEM customers, many of our IoT-focused OEM customers are confronting some of those challenges.

And of course, all of this is happening in a much more challenging supply chain environment. I think we are seeing signs this year one of the drivers of growth in sales, one of the drivers of growth in our backlog has been what we might call a flight to quality that we have OEM customers we are meeting just as our existing OEM customers continue to scale and as the pipeline that we brought with us into the year continues to mature, we are also seeing new OEM engagements, which are driven by the -- by our OEMs who have designed with other modular platforms, OEMs who have chosen to outsource compute to other vendors where those vendors are now struggling to keep their products in production or OEMs who have chosen the in-house engineering solution, OEMs who have chosen to make rather than to buy those in-house teams may also be struggling to secure the components they need. So we are seeing people coming to us as a trusted partner to see them through this supply chain environment. And of course, for us, that is an opportunity to meet new customers. It's an opportunity to get in the face of new customers, to be service to those customers. And hopefully, many of those customers will remain with us even after the present supply chain environment has improved a little bit.

Some -- a few brief words on AI. We all know that we are living in an age of AI-related disruption. This couples into our business in numerous ways. Obviously, we've already talked about some of the supply chain impacts of competing with the AI, the hyperscaler AI build-out for access to a number of components, most notably storage components, volatile and nonvolatile memory. But I think the more we see so many of our customers the applications that our IoT OEM customers are running have a very strong AI flavor to them. And the more we see of how our customers are using AI, the more convinced we become that there is a significant opportunity for us here.

We believe the thesis is that there is a centrifugal tendency over time, a tendency for AI compute to migrate from the center of the network, any given AI technology, any given AI technique may start at the center of the network. And over time, as the devices at the edge of the network [indiscernible] and as research effort in AI drives down the compute requirement of a specific level of performance, that compute that starts from the center of the network will naturally migrate to the edge, bringing -- and as it migrates to the edge, that migration brings with it improvements in reliability, in cost structure, in privacy and in security.

This does feel like a general rule. We absolutely see it today in Visual AI. Many of our largest, many of our highest volume OEM customers today are using Raspberry Pi platforms to run visual AI algorithms, which would have been inconceivable to run at the edge of the network a decade ago. We are seeing the same thing already happen in generative AI. We are seeing a collapse in the compute requirements of a given level of generative AI performance. And so we believe that, that transition from the center to the edge of the network, which has taken roughly 10 years in the previous AI applications and visual AI applications is likely to take place over the next 2 or 3 or 4 years in generative. By the end of the decade, the vast majority of inference operations for generative AI will happen at the edge rather than core network.

These AI -- these trends in AI are driving demand across a very broad range of markets. I'm going to call out two today, both being smart home and aerospace and defense. So some words on smart home, smart environments. Customers like Homey are using Raspberry Pi technology, another very long-standing, extremely loyal Raspberry Pi customer. They're using the Raspberry Pi platform to build intelligence into our everyday interactions with our environment. I love this quote from Emile, we didn't have to reinvent the wheel. And he says that really what he's doing there is he's articulating the core of the Raspberry Pi value proposition to our OEM customers that you don't have to become a computer company. If you want to embed intelligence into a product at the edge of the network. You should -- you don't have to -- you should know how to become a computer company. You should be able to find some to outsource that to. It's our aspiration to win that argument. And when we've got that argument, then to win the argument that the natural person to outsource this to is Raspberry Pi.

This outsourcing is, I think a very long-term trend that's been to our benefit over the last few years, and it's been accelerated by the challenges around pricing and availability, as I've said, by some of the challenges around regulatory complexity. And of course, lastly, by the challenges associated with acquiring embedded engineering talent. Many of our OEM customers are coming to us for compute solutions in order to avoid the -- not just the cost, but the administrative complexity of building and maintaining a team which can build and maintain in production the compute element at the heart of their platform. We're allowing people to focus on the differentiating on the value add on the differentiating engineering, on the non-differentiating engineering of being a computer company.

And then defense, becoming an increasingly important potential market for us. There are a number of secular demand drivers going obviously here in the background, a trend in the West towards [indiscernible], a recognition that we have probably wound down the size of our armed forces other than [indiscernible], a growing recognition driven probably by some of the experiences that are happening today in Ukraine, of the importance of autonomy of advanced autonomy of distributed decision-making in mobile platforms, a pivot away, I think, from what we might call exquisite platforms towards high-cost low-volume platforms with very long development times with development times on the order of decades towards lower cost, [indiscernible], lower-cost consumable platforms and enabling that transition a move from only using military specification electronics to a growing focus on COS, commercial off-the-shelf technology, as I say, as an enabler both for the cost and the availability and sustainability of these platforms.

As we look more at the defense market, really struck by the range of applications that Raspberry Pi fits very neatly into, whether that's fixed hardware backup base, whether it's driving display screens or aggregating data in a fixed location, whether they are -- whether it is deployed static hardware, so sensor platforms in the field, RFD [indiscernible] in the field or whether it's providing intelligence and autonomy or mobile unmanned platforms like UAVs, USBs and UGVs. And all of these markets, just like our commercial customers, all of these markets stand to benefit from Raspberry Pi's distinctive value proposition, industry-leading price and performance, availability and long-term support and the ability to manufacture these products and sustain them at scale.

A word on silicon. Silicon really remains at the heart of Raspberry Pi's medium-term growth strategy. It has been and it continues to be an enabler for our single compute module business. We build silicon because it allows us to build better board-level products, better modules, better SBCs than we could build otherwise. But increasingly, it's becoming a business for us in our own right, in its own right. We saw lower sales. We saw slightly lower sales in the first half of 2026 than we did in the comparable period in 2025. It was a strong comparable period. I think we had a number of large OEM orders in that period. But then we followed July and August this year, absolutely fantastic months. August, in particular, a record month for sales of the RP2350 platform, the 2-year-old second-generation microcontroller platform, particularly strong sales, particularly strong and particularly broad-based sales of our products in China.

We continue to develop engagements with Tier 1 and Tier 2 OEMs in the West. That's inevitably a slower burn because of the Western engineering culture is inevitably a slower engineering culture, but we are confident that those will mature in due course into design wins. We have taped out in the second half in the last month. We have taken out our next-generation semiconductor product. We expect to get that back at the start of next year. And that may in due course, lead to future board products, future innovative board products and future stand-alone semiconductor products. And finally, a word on outlook.

We expect the second half volumes to be higher than first half volumes. What's going on there? Continued extremely strong demand. The backlogs that we both referred to earlier, are 2.6 million units at the end of the first half. Those are large backlogs. They're probably emerging on unhealthily large backlog. So there is a great focus of the organization at the moment on reducing those backlogs, not to zero, but the aspiration is to get those backlogs back towards the level they were at the start of the year. To support that, we've been making a number of co-investments with our partners at Sony in order to increase their production rate, and we expect that Q4, we'll see the full benefit of all of those investments.

Despite this taper off, we saw some exceptional unit economics in the first half of the year as some of the price increases that we put through interacted with the low-cost inventory that we were holding that we came into the year holding. Despite the taper off of those exceptional economics, we do, as a result of those increased unit volumes, expect adjusted EBITDA to exceed market estimates somewhat. We are now holding up. We have enough ram in our hands and on secure order to meet our requirements for the remainder of this year and into next year. And we're excited about what 2027 and 2028 will bring for us. So I'm now happy to take questions.

[Operator Instructions] I would like to remind you that recording of this present along with a copy of the slides and the published Q&A can be accessed by investor dashboard. Eben and Richard as as you can see we have received a number of questions throughout today's presentation. And if I may hand back to kindly ask you to read out the questions where appropriate to do so, and I'll pick up for you both at the end. Thank you.

Okay. So you're going to read them out I'm going to read them out. I'm going to familiarize myself with the order they arrived in. What new products are in development?

I think we share with another frame company a tendency not necessarily to talk enormously about what products we have in development. I mean I think we can say it's uncontroversial to say that we obviously need to be starting to think about the next generation of our 2 platforms. So we need to be thinking about the next generation of the big Raspberry Pi platform, the [indiscernible] platform, the thing which will eventually become Raspberry Pi 6 and the next generation of the smaller microcontroller platforms, the things which will generate both Raspberry Pi Pico 3 and the next-generation RP2 Series microcontroller. Obviously, we are still some distance on both of those platforms are still fairly 5 and 2 platforms are still fairly new. But certainly, we're now reaching a point in their life cycle where I think attention does turn to future products.

I think we've said that you're likely to see more Raspberry Pi Pico 2 products, the Raspberry Pi Pico generation, we have the Pico products and the Pico W product, the wireless and non-wireless product. I think it's likely you will see from us over the next 12 to 18 months, you're likely to see from us Pico 2 products which, have a broad range of networking spaces. We've talked about that in the past. And pretty much all of those, you think about what are the big hit accessory items, power supplies, displays, cameras. I think it's fairly likely that we will try to find ways to extend that as we get a better understanding of what -- how our various customers, our enthusiast customers, our industrial [indiscernible] independent customers, as we get a better idea of what they appreciate, what they like and what they don't like about our existing offering in that space, I think you'll see us -- you'll see us broaden that offer out over a little bit.

6 generally follows 5.

Yes, usually.

I got a couple of questions here.

1 plus 1 is 2. I got that right. I have to thikn hard.

There's a couple of questions in here about our relationship with Arm. How is that relationship developing? What's it like having them as a shareholder? I mean...

I mean they've been an enormous -- Arm has been enormously supportive shareholder. Obviously, they were a pre-IPO investor. They cornerstone the IPO. They bought a certain amount of the foundation [indiscernible] in April and Arm participated in that secondary sale. So they've been a very supportive shareholder. I think I often think of the sort of the substance of the question is what is having Arm as a shareholder done to the strategic relationship?

I think I've always viewed this the other way around. I've always seen this as a shareholding recognizing, validating being a consequence of an existing strategic relationship. We have been -- every Raspberry Pi is an Arm computer. A huge number of Arm PC [indiscernible] 1980s have a great affection [indiscernible] have a great affection for the Arm architecture for. So this is something that has always been important to us. I think that having the opportunity to have Arm as a shareholder has been very helpful for us. It has deepened the level, I think, which we can have these strategic discussions with them. There will be many more Arm-based products in the future. I think they're excited about it. We see the -- we've seen the products they've announced. We are excited about.

They engage at all levels, senior levels within all as well.

We get very support for them. We're excited about the core road map. We're excited about the technology road map. We're excited about finding ways to integrate that road map with our own road map to keep building more high-performance Arm-based products. We are very happy we are a very happy Arm partner. Very happy Arm licensee, very happy Arm partner. The Arm partener meeting in August is an absolute highlight.

[indiscernible] won't mean to you when you released the RS5.

Indeed.

What steps have been taken to ensure we remain a U.K. public company? As a U.K. shareholder would be extremely disappointing to see us take over by a foreign entity.

I mean I'm not sure there is an enormous amount -- there are enormous number of specific things one can do here other than we do our best. We are very prudent.

We try to be as amusing and entertaining in meetings like this to satisfy our U.K. shareholders that they continue to want to be independent rather than...

So we are -- look, we're a proud U.K. listed public company. We chose to list in the U.K. We design our products in the U.K. We manufacture our products in the U.K. We are listed in the U.K. We don't do any of these things for -- I don't think we do any of these things for [indiscernible] reasons. We do these things because we believe that the U.K. is the best place to do each of those three things. So we are -- we've had a fantastic experience, I think, as a U.K. [indiscernible] our aspiration, what are we trying to grow here? We are trying to build a globally meaningful business from the U.K., based in the U.K., listed in the U.K., manufacturing in the U.K. And while we have the opportunity to, we will continue to do that.

We have a CRA question? Yes.

The cyber resilience question. So this is sort of -- a couple of questions about the EU Cyber Resilience Act and the requirement for full compliance in December next year. I think this is something that we have seen something we've seen coming for a long time. It is -- it drove over the kind of 5 years, I guess, over the period that we designed Raspberry Pi 5, the awareness that there was going to be increasing government action and increasing government awareness around IoT and security drove the incorporation into the Raspberry Pi 5 hardware platform and the Raspberry Pi 2350, the second-generation microcontroller drove the incorporation of hardware features. It was pretty clear what hardware features would be required in order to allow -- to give people the potential to build compliance solutions.

There's then a software layer on top of that. So we have largely by, I guess, 2 years ago when we launched 2350, we've largely completed the process of delivering the underpinnings of CRA compliance. What you've seen subsequently is then building out both the software level required, particularly some of these for secure updates, secure firmware updates on our platform, but also then the tools that people need in order to build the regulatory [indiscernible] certification that sit alongside. So it's no longer enough to build a [indiscernible].

I think the first bit we did because it's the right thing to do.

Yes, that's right. And you no longer -- it's not sufficient to simply build the thermal image. You have to create the certification reg have to be able to generate the [indiscernible] as well. And so a lot of those investments that we made in automating, systematizing the process of building the software image for Raspberry Pi IoT device have the design of those systems incorporated the knowledge that people were going to have to [indiscernible] the CRA.

So I think that's going well. In terms of its impact on us as a business, it is driving -- we already see it driving a tendency to use our software, not just to buy our hardware devices, but to use our software and to use our systems when you assemble the firware. And that's extremely attractive for us because it increases the stickiness of the platform makes for our customers. It increases the stickiness of the platform. Once you design Raspberry Pi and that's working well, it increases the switching cost away from Raspberry Pi. So I think this is something where like many of these things, you see a difficult thing, you see a challenge. And at first, you are sad but then you're going to have to do some work. And then after a little while, you realize having done that work, that work becomes a plan in your story of our competitive advantage.

Like I said a few times to investors, if you want to buy shares in Raspberry Pi spend some money on buying a competitor's product first, I would just appreciate the quality of what we've made.

The other question was about the U.K. government. We expect and whether we are engaged with the U.K. government on this, particularly around ensuring that whatever legislation is passed, permits you to continue to adopt open source software development methods. We are not specifically engaged on this. We do expect the U.K. government to largely be a follower here. We don't expect the government here in the U.K. to diverge meaningfully from European -- Continental European practice. And we believe that it is unlikely that the European approach to this will evolve in ways which are in [indiscernible] to people's ability to use open source. I think there is a broad consensus actually that open source approaches are the approaches -- actually open source approaches allied to machine learning tool to AI tools are the way to build systems, which have that level of robustness to you have to deploy [indiscernible].

Changing gears. What's our expectation for unit sales in semiconductor business this year and in the medium term? How quickly should we expect this business to grow?

I mean I think in the short term, we're talking microcontroller sales would be very sad if it doesn't start with [indiscernible] this year. So probably in the sort of 10 to 12 scale.

I think you can put a box around it, which is this is, let's say, on the order of 30 million units on the order of 30 million units we have an aspiration. There are -- it's an [indiscernible]. It's a [indiscernible] roughly 75% to 80% of that goes to 5 vendors who I probably can't given [indiscernible] day. But the remainder of that market is actually quite [indiscernible] -- and so an aspiration to go or [indiscernible] of that market is not at all.

So I think we have an aspiration to grow the business out of hundreds of millions of units. I think that getting into double-digit mill is an important step along the we still have to sustain. We've seen a great growth rate in these products since we launched them 5 years ago. I think we have to sustain that growth rate. And obviously it becomes easier and harder to sustain. As you get bigger, it becomes easier and harder I think there is an aspiration to do that. Where do we want to be?

I think we said very consistently, a decade after the IPO, the aspiration is to have grown the traditional business, the modules business significantly and -- but for semiconductors to come up alongside that come up underneath that to a point where they're roughly comparable. Now some of the heavy lifting, I think, will be done by ASP. I'm sure some of the products we produce in the future will have higher ASPs, but a lot of that has to be done. So I think we have -- there are sort of two directions in which we are saying the business really needs to find a way into at least hundreds of millions of units a year of silicon in order to meet those in order to feel that we are -- these are exceptional pieces of hardware where they really are. They are I think [indiscernible] microcontrollers. The better an engineer is the more attractive they are to the Raspberry Pi silicon platform. So I think we have something that's very compelling. I think if we aren't able to get into that regime, then I would personally feel that we somehow taking a great product technically, we will fail in translating that technical excellence into market.

Yes. And a quick one from reference market consensus for adjusted EBITDA for the full year?

I think we're seeing numbers in the sort of range of low [ 60s, 60, 65, I think ], across the spread of analysts that we...

I think when we reference market consensus there that is market consensus as of yesterday evening. So I think market this morning. So this is market I think we conveying a belief that, that prior consensus was a little conservative relative to how we see the business performing in the full year.

When do you expect to make a positive free cash flow? It is not something that is alien to us as an organization. I mean I think from 2012 through to even after I arrived, we were generating -- it wasn't just me. We have -- I think over the last few years, we have invested significantly in CapEx. But more importantly, we have risen through a very turbulent supply chain period.

We've taken that opportunity to use our balance sheet. Yes, we've ended up with negative free cash flow. I think the answer to this question is probably when do we think the turbulence and crisis over memory is going to stop. If we believe that is in 2028, which I think is probably now the earliest point, ideally when additional fab capacity overwhelms the demand from data centers, that is a period where we should see some scope to start to reduce inventory levels or at least hold them steady while the business is bigger.

I think you're in a situation at the moment where you're holding quite a lot of DRAM because you want to make sure that in the event of an availability shock, you are able to make product. And at the same time, holding that DRAM is expensive because DRAM is expensive.

I think at the point where the market when the cycle flips over, I don't think you're necessarily going to see us holding between 3 or 4 months of DRAM at the moment. I think if the market flips over, you're not going to see us holding 3 or 4 months of DRAM. And even if we were holding 3 or 4 months of DRAM, that would be much less cash. So I think it is -- had we not -- I suspect we would be that we will generate positive free cash flow now if we have not had a memory shock. I'm pretty confident that once we get out the other end of this, the business will revert. I still believe having run the business since 2012, what I still believe is the natural that [indiscernible] Raspberry Pi it is a fairly cash generative business. Okay.

Probably margins have been improving lately, but are below the 2021 level. Is the plan to return to those levels? Or is that unrealistic?

I think from margin here, we're talking about gross profit as a percentage of revenue. That is something that I think as we talked about before, our revenue number does include a number of different lines with really quite different margin structures. The royalty income that was, I think, in 2021, 75% of our unit volume was going through Farnell at near 100% margin, whereas now 75%, 80% is direct. So the Farnell licensee piece is only 20%. So I think it will be some time before we think about going back to a 2021 level.

The way that we view the business, certainly I do is based on that gross profit per unit, what dollars are we making for each board that allows us to stand back from which route is it going to market and really focus on what profit does it make rather than focusing on a percentage. I think if we tried to maintain a margin percentage in this most recent year, if we continue to press for that with prices going up so much, we would have increased our -- yes, we would have a temporary boost to profit, but I think we would have opened up some quite frightening opportunities for competitors, particularly in the Far East to come and take away our very strong presence across all customers.

It would have been a breach of faith with our OEM customers. I referred to a couple of very loyal customers there during the presentation. When some of these designs for Raspberry Pi into the product, even without the CRA sort of enhancements, it is an incredibly sticky sockets. We are constantly alive to any perception that we are exploiting the stickiness of those sockets in order to extract value from our OEM customers. The decision to pass through DRAM costs rather than margin and passing DRAM costs through both ourselves and our channel structure has been one it's one of the most challenging decisions that I've had to make in my time at Raspberry Pi, I think it has been the right decision. It does have -- it will have a negative effect on percentage margin.

But as Richard says, when we manage the business, we manage the business to units. What do I look at every day? Units, look at gross profit, it's that decomposition of overall gross profit that has my attention everytime.

And I think we've talked about that over many years that it's remarkable the business that you've built and talked about across the world that we've not seen a significant default on this business by low-cost competitors in China.

About that [indiscernible].

That's great guys. Sorry to interject. We are coming up to the hour. So Eben, if I may just ask you for some closing comments to wrap up.

Thank you. So this has been a spectacular half. I think it has been -- we have had -- as I said, we're a proud U.K. listed company. We've had a good experience as a PLC. This has been by far the best half year. This has been by far the best period. It's been wonderful to demonstrate the business' resilience during what is an extremely challenging time. It is -- more than anything else, it has been extremely satisfying to have been able to be a service to our customers, our enthusiast customers, our embedded customers, our industrial customers to able to keep our product in production, to have been able to use some of our strategic memory inventory to minimize the buffer and minimize and delay the impact of some of these cost structure changes on the platform.

We hope that people understand the effort in the organization. And last words, I'd like to take the opportunity as i said this is Richard's last set of results. He's been with us since 2019. He was our first full-time Chief Financial Officer, really a measure of the extent to which the business has evolved over the last 7 years. So I would just really very much like to thank Richard and friendship as we took the business through just quite the most remarkable period of [indiscernible].

Guys. Thank you very much once again for updating investors today. Could I please ask investors not to close this session as you now be automatically redirected to provide your feedback, which will help the company better understand your views and expectations. On behalf of the management team, we would like to thank you for attending today's presentation, and good afternoon to you all.

Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to the Raspberry Pi Holdings plc Final Results Investor Presentation. [Operator Instructions] Before we begin, we'd like to submit the following poll, and I'm sure the company will be most grateful for your participation.

I'd now like to hand over to the management team. Good afternoon.

Good afternoon. So welcome to our results presentation for 2025. Richard and I are going to walk you through some abbreviated highlights of the year, a summary of our financial performance. We'll give an update on our progress against our strategy and conclude with some words on the outlook for the remainder of 2026.

So, in summary, 2025 was an absolutely standout year for us. Shipments of boards and modules increased by 9% to 7.8 million units, and that delivered a 25% increase in EBITDA. We saw demand for our products build steadily throughout 2025. The second half was noticeably stronger than the first half. And within that, the fourth quarter stronger than the third. We saw particular strength in our two largest markets, the United States and China. As we speculated in our half year results, this was indeed the crossover year for our semiconductors business. We saw a 47% year-on-year increase in chip sales to 8.4 million units, meaning that we sold more chips than boards for the first time.

Raspberry Pi is at heart a product company, and we love to launch products more than pretty much anything else. 2025 was a somewhat slower year for us in 2024 in terms of product launches, but still one of our strongest historically. We launched many new hardware products, including new microcontroller variants that, for the first time, embed nonvolatile memory alongside the RP2350 die. But I think the star of the show for us was our first software product, Raspberry Pi Connect. This was launched in beta in the middle of 2024. And we added many new features, including over-the-air firmware updates in 2025, those features really being very finely targeted on to the needs of our OEM, our paid for OEM users of Raspberry Pi Connect, Raspberry Pi Connect for organizations. We ended the year with very nearly 400,000 devices registered, and we're over 500,000 units, 500,000 devices registered today.

And finally, we've been strengthening our marketing outreach. We've been increasing our presence at physical events at trade shows. We've seen strong momentum in our board-to-board program, which aims to introduce and promote Raspberry Pi to major industrial OEMs at the C-suite level. We've seen particular interest from OEMs in smart home and in aerospace and defense. And we've been refining the structure of our reseller channel. For the -- we've retired a number of underperforming partners such that for the first year in a very long time, we actually left the year with slightly fewer resellers than we started the year with. But we've made a number of targeted additions of reseller partners targeting key geographies and key sectors.

So I'll hand over to Richard for the financials.

So, I think, as Eben said, 2025 was a very good year. Perhaps to understand the story, it's good to look at the shape of the unit sales over the last 24 months, essentially on a quarterly basis. Quarter 1, 2024, we came into the year of '24 really after that period of shortage through '22, '23 of electrical products. And we really had the final back order, particularly on compute modules, which caused our direct sales, as you see in blue, to be particularly strong. And also at the same time, it was really the first quarter where we were fully selling Pi 5 through Premier Farnell, our licensee partner, which is the orange. So that, that first quarter was very strong for a number of reasons. But that came into the middle of the year and really like a lot of the electronics sector, I think everybody had come out of that period of semiconductor shortage, had bought an awful lot of product, and there was a general industry-wide indigestion, which really took through quarter 2, quarter 3 and a bit into quarter 4 to really settle through, and you saw that in our sales volumes through that period.

One of the bright spots in that third quarter was also we sold -- we launched our second microcontroller product, which we sell on Pico boards. So the actual number of units of boards was helped, but it's a much more low-cost product, much lower unit margin, which we'll touch on. And then gradually, as we came into the start of '25, that demand had settled. There was much more opportunity in terms of industrial sector. So we saw, which we probably regard as one of our sort of bellwether products, the Pi 3, a product that's been with us since 2016, sorry, pick up in volume again as industrial customers really came back in, I think, after the overstocks had flared. And that sort of gentle progress really took place through the first three quarters of 2025. Until then in the final quarter, we saw really that strengthening in demand quite significantly. Some of it was new products. Some of it was probably a little bit of stimulation from memory prices going up. But most strongly, it was people building in new products into their development of compute modules and purchases of Pi 5s and Pi 4s. So overall, a very good finish to the year, and that has carried on into quarter 1, which is seeing very similar volumes. I guess the day is yet young, but hopefully, by the end of the quarter tonight, will be a very similar numbers to the end of 2025, that last quarter.

So overall, it was a year of 7.6 million units. That was up some 9% on 2024. Gross profit per unit. So it's one of the key metrics that we follow. So how much profit have we made on each of those boards that we've sold was $8.70, which is up on $7.40 from a year ago. A number of features there, definitely better mix. I've mentioned already, our Raspberry Pi 5 boards, Raspberry Pi 4 boards. Retail from $45 right up to over $100, which is much more substantial. Some of the other boards such as Pico, which is sort of $3, $4 in price, were essentially flat year-on-year. So that mix was a major reason for the lift in the higher margin that we make.

And the other factor was the first 2 million of the Pi 5 boards we made, the chip that went into there was an early version of earlier version of the Broadcom 2712, and it was $5 more expensive. Once we cleared through that, the costs of our boards became -- of the Pi 5 boards became $5 cheaper, which is quite a significant uptick as well in terms of that margin -- gross profit per board. So overall, our gross profit was up 23% as a result of those factors as a result of more units being sold and at a better margin per unit. And our consequence of that, our costs rose similar level to the gross profit such that our EBITDA was also up about 25% year-on-year to $46.4 million.

That gave us, as that flowed through an adjusted EPS, earnings per share rising 35% to $0.1450 from $0.1070 a year ago. And overall, the result of that with adjustments to working capital and things like that, we'll talk about later in terms of inflow and paying off some of the payables that we've had previously left us with cash of $28 million from the year compared to $45 million a year ago. And in addition to that, we have a revolving credit facility of $80 million. That has remained undrawn. So essentially, we've ended up with cash at the end of the year of $28 million, a clean number.

So overall, I talked about the units being up. You can see the direct share rose much more significantly. Royalties were flat, such that the direct share increasing means that of the total rose to about 76%, which is similar to the numbers that we expect to see in '26. We probably believe that our share of the boards that we sell as opposed to out of total boards, the other being royalty is in the range of about 70% to 80%. I think 70% was probably in 2024, about the lowest level, and we expect to see that rise closer to 80% in the year ahead.

The units at 7.6 million in total, we expect '26 to be better on that with that momentum that we saw in Q4 last year and quarter 1 of this year continuing for the year. And so numbers strengthening there. And gross profit per unit, as mentioned, $8.70. We expect that to come down in '26 really as memory prices, the cost of the memory that goes into our boards has been rising significantly. We will talk more about that later. Whilst we put up prices, then obviously, there is an effect there that means the margin on the boards in terms of dollars per board will come down, and we anticipate that to be the case.

Accessories, which is in the -- you call that bright pink on the top, it was another strong performance. That rose to about $1.40 per board. Those are things like that we sell alongside there. Some of them are products that we very much design ourselves. Others are products that we have bought from other people. We have intervened quite significantly in the design of quite a few of these items, so power supplies where we have been quite fastidious in terms of the quality of those. But those overall have had a very good year in '25. So that's areas like cameras, AI hats, displays, power supplies, all stepping forward very nicely relative to the number of boards and also includes areas like SD cards and SSD memory as well, which we started to bring through into '25. We've seen significant take-up of those. It's very important for the quality of the product that the SD card is reliable. And again, it's part of this culture of engineering that the team at Raspberry Pi have really made sure that those products are -- do not diminish the overall offer of the Raspberry Pi board itself. So those have performed strongly in the period, and we'd see hopefully similar numbers into 2026 in terms of that sort of profit per unit, maybe even stepping up a little bit from there.

So, in totality, we see revenue was up significantly. Increases in higher prices over the -- sorry, was up significantly, really driven by units and also slightly increased mix. We see that coming forward into 2026, where we've had to increase prices in certain boards really quite significantly to cope with memory price increases. But you would expect to see the revenue for 2026 increase substantially at the same time as units picking up, but that board cost increase going up.

Gross profit rose 23% while the margin at this stage stayed pretty constant at 24%, that's that margin that I think you would expect to come down in '26. We're very focused on that profit per unit. And as the base cost of the boards is going to -- price is going to increase as we accommodate more expensive cost of sales from memory, the revenue will increase, whereas the profit per unit will stay at similar sort of levels. So we would expect that margin to come down. It's not a number that we chase. We're much more focused on that profit per unit as a measure rather than the percentage.

Offset against that increase in gross profit, we saw an increase in research and development costs and in administrative costs. Research and development costs were up year-on-year. We saw the underlying salaries of people that we employ this area is essentially that line is dominated by the cost of our colleagues. That was -- their costs were up about 10%, a slight increase in the number of heads, but also increases in payroll. However, that total amount, we then deduct from that and capitalize up salaries of people and the projects they've been working on. In 2024, that was about 50% -- 56% of those salaries. That came down to about 42% in 2023, such that the net cost in that line, therefore, increased more substantially than just inflation. This is really a feature of depending on the projects that we've been working on in '26 -- '25, we had more in the way of software products, which we don't capitalize. '24 was a year when we were finishing the launch of the RP2350, our microcontroller and therefore, much more significant level of capitalization. We would think of this as being more typically about 50% into the future.

Admin costs and administrative costs were up really as a function of the first full year of being listed, they were up some 19%. So we had additional heads, additional costs, be that stock exchange fees, but also just generally increases in -- we had a good year in terms of bonuses as well, driving that administrative cost up. I think going into the future, we'd expect to see that grow at a lower rate in future periods. I think there was a bit of a sort of catch-up effect in these numbers.

Brings us down to an adjusted EBITDA number, as referenced of about 25%. Depreciation and amortization was essentially flat year-on-year. Similar products were being amortized in both periods. And then we did also have a slight reduction in the rate of amortization on some semiconductor products where we saw longer lives on those. We did a reassessment based on the demand for the products and the demand was of a strength where the idea that these economic lives of these products we exhausted within six years was just not practical. And so we've stretched that by another couple of years, and that's produced a slightly lower amortization charge.

Our tax rate -- taxation charge at the bottom. Our effective tax rate, which is the sum of current tax and deferred tax compared to our adjusted profit before tax was down to about 18%. That was really two factors bringing that down from, I think, what we would regard as the U.K. norm of 25%, the government corporation tax rate. We have obtained a patent in respect of one of the elements of Pi 5 and also of the semiconductors. This allows us to put the profits of those businesses into what's called the patent box and attract only 10% tax. And that taken with a release of a provision that we've set up in the past, brought that tax rate down. I think in the future, we'd expect that rate to be closer to 22% to 23% in the future. So those factors taken together leads us to an adjusted earnings per share of $0.1448 per share, which is up some 35% year-on-year.

Turning to the balance sheet. The key elements within here. our intangibles, which is the major part of our fixed assets, they were up to about $83 million from $73 million a year ago. That's essentially the capitalization, particularly of intangibles that we've incurred in the year normally at about sort of $20 million. This year it was about $18 million, less depreciation in the period. Our inventory, $145 million. The total amount improved. It came down slightly from about $156 million a year ago as finished goods reduced.

During '24, we had a period where they increased as we were continuing to manufacture demand slowed. We started to get on top of that. We pushed back quite hard in terms of production. So that by the end of the year, it was starting to come down. That continued through into 2025. And it's probably fair to say now at the sort of levels of, I think, about sort of $30 million to $40 million, that is probably about as low as we can realistically take it at the moment. So we may expect to see some increase there, whereas components, we did increase in 2025. Memory holdings went up. And also, we had some increase in the processor chips that we use, all part of that making sure that our business is resilient as possible to these fluctuations in the key components. So overall, inventory came down slightly, but with those two factors, the finished goods coming down and components going up.

On the other side, receivables increased. It was up to $59 million from $36 million a year ago. That's really a function of how strong that last quarter was when we saw significant sales volumes going out and also in truth, the increase in the prices of finished boards and such like, where you were seeing, therefore, higher value per individual units as well. So that increased.

Payables did come down. At the end of '24, we had about $52 million of extended payables. It's really a function of just how soft in truth the market for components was during '24, really quite a turnaround since. But at that period, we had the ability -- the offer of paying certain suppliers over longer terms. That has unwound during '25, we were essentially paying those off as well. So that came down by about $52 million on that line, such that our payables finished at $60 million compared to $96 million previously. If you sort of look at those together, that increase in overall working capital to $144 million from just shy of $100 million previously, that outflow really driven by those extended payables being resolved. We're now free of those to all intents purposes. And so the flow over the period caused a reduction in cash through the period at $28 million. And at that point, we, I think, have started to see an improvement in the cash position. Our RCF remains undrawn at $80 million. We increased that during the year in terms of the facility, but we haven't had cause to use it, but it's there in reserve should an opportunity arise.

Cash flow overall, slightly unsurprisingly is the result of the factors that we were describing on the previous page in terms of the movement in the balance sheet. Profit of $45.8 million or EBITDA, payables reducing, and therefore, we've consumed that level of payables. CapEx, as you can see on here, we spent about $18 million of cash CapEx, pretty close to the $20 million of guidance that we give. We've flagged in the past, we'd expect that to rise to circa 25% of gross profit over time. It is lumpy. There may be some periods where we spend more. We may buy IP, which you buy as a single piece in a given year. And we also, on some of the chip design programs, that final tape-out as we refer to it, where you send the designs across to TSMC typically in our case for them to turn it into full-scale production. Again, there are sometimes some significant one-off costs. But I think that overall sort of trend of 25% taken across the year should make a lot of sense.

We had a tax credit. We had two lots of research and development expenditure credit received in '25 as opposed to more normally an annual amount of, say, $3 million to $4 million. That overall, I think, brought us down to the cash position referred to before. Cash conversion, which is something really for the longer-term outlook. We think of this at the operating cash flow level. So essentially EBITDA minus a movement in working capital. I think over a period, we'd expect that to run at somewhere between 60% to 80%. So a smaller consumption of cash and working capital in the future. We don't expect any more extended payables to complicate things. But it will, as the phrase that we've used a few times, be lumpy. If there is an opportunity to buy memory in significant quantity, we would take up that opportunity. So -- but generally, as a trend, I think it will be of that order.

I'm going to say a little bit about memory and then hand back to Eben. Memory costs have increased significantly really since the summer of last year. We were in the situation where, as I've referred to, the level of inventory we brought into the year was substantial, and therefore, the impact on this current year has probably been slight, but it is a feature that is very much in our thinking for this year ahead. The overall trend for memory is one that you can see in the graph on the left-hand side there. And bear in mind, this is a logarithmic scale here. So the declines are radically more substantial. Since sort of the people started measuring this in 1975, I can remember buying a computer with very exciting 32,000 of RAM, which is probably.

I think mine had been 16,000. I think I may have had the same machine, but mine that started at 16,000 to 32,000. Extreme left. We are on the extreme left of this curve.

And then slowly sloping down. It's the most -- one of the best expressions, I think, of Moore's Law, you will see. It has trended down. But in the last six months, we have seen on the back of really the trend for investment in data centers who want a lot of particular category of memory called high-bandwidth memory, have been purchasing significant volumes.

The key memory manufacturers have diverted a lot of their production away from computing, the general purpose computing side of memory use and from mobile phones to make this high-bandwidth memory for the hyperscalers and friends. And that has produced a significant increase in the prices of that memory, as you can see, about 7x. But it's also producing some conditions now where we're having to work hard to make sure that we can properly source the memory we need. And that's even in a situation where we're one of the largest purchasers in Europe of DRAM. So we've seen significant increase in memory. We have started to take steps to address that -- sorry, we have started -- we have been taking steps since the summer of last year. We're continuing to.

We've increased the range of suppliers we're working with. Historically, we buy from really two of the major manufacturers, Micron and Samsung. We've now been talking much more widely to other people. The Raspberry Pi name is in order to be helpful with that. We find lot of places we go to. We haven't met people before, but they have used our products university or in the company.

Certain pieces of technical innovation that allow us to use memory more effectively to create 4 gigabytes from 2 gigabyte pieces of memory. And we're also just having to pay more, and then we are taking more substantial purchases where possible to manage all of that. So we've increased prices of our products already. As you can see here, there is a product, the 4-gigabyte compute module 4, which actually at one stage in early '26, I think, we reduced the price to tidy up. And since then, we've seen some quite substantial increases I'm afraid there's every indication of those price increases. There will be more coming over this year, but it is a step that we've done to basically maintain that gross profit per unit at a sensible level to be positive. About 25% of our cost of boards is made up of this kind of DRAM on the boards that use it. About 1/3 of our boards, the older ones, particularly do not use this. They use what's called LPDDR2, which you may guess from the name, 2 is an older generation, of which we have ample supplies.

So, in terms of outlook, I think we expect high elevated DRAM prices to continue into 2026 and probably into '27 as well. And really, the solution to that is coming from more fab capacity, more places to actually make this, which will take time. These are phenomenally sophisticated machines. Make this and require many billions to do so. And so I think the resolution by additional manufacturing is more likely to be '28 and '27. I think price increases will, however, help in that unfortunate Adam Smith's hand of the market. It will probably push some demand away. It will -- it has -- I think we're seeing a little bit of it already, some more to come where customers are revisiting the effectiveness of their software and looking for -- to use smaller amounts of memory for the purpose that they have. So again, there will be some reduction in demand there. But we're also widening our conversations to a much wider group of suppliers.

So overall, we're taking and have taken significant actions. I think this will continue to be a major theme for the year. We have -- at the moment, we came into the year with significant levels of inventory into '26. We're in a good place, I think compared to many a very good place in respect of 1 gigabyte and 2 gigabyte memory at the lower end. That should see us through right up to the end of 2026, almost to the end, I think, is what we said elsewhere.

On some of the higher 4 and 8, I think the doubling up the clamshell, we've referred to it. It's one of the solutions at the falls, but it is something we're having to work very hard to achieve. We think this -- we're comfortable with the numbers we have for '26, but this is an area of significant activity for us for the whole of this year. And certainly, there continues to be uncertainty that will take us through into '27.

I'll pass back to Eben.

Wonderful. Thank you. So a quick update on progress against our strategy. This was another great year for product launches at Raspberry Pi. I'm just going to -- out of the 13 or 14 products we launched, I'm just going to pick out three that I think help illustrate where we feel we're going as a business. Firstly, we have Radio Module 2 launched midyear. This product delivers turnkey wireless interfacing to our microcontroller customers, and it bridges the gap between these first-class deep embedded compute platforms that we build, RP2040 and RP2350 and the network. It's a fantastic complement to those microcontroller products, and it's become a successful product in its own right. Very much a demand-led product this, a product that we could only build because over the last five years, we've become enormously better at actually listening to our customers and listening to what our customers are telling us they need in order to make their Raspberry Pi-based designs a success.

Next, we have my personal favorite. This is Raspberry Pi 500+, our latest all-in-one PC. As Richard said, I think we both grew up with the same machine, both grew up with BBC Micros in our homes. So this is a love letter. This product is a love letter to our enthusiast base who still remain at the heart of the Raspberry Pi mission. And it's...

10 years. I was struggling to do things that you were doing at half my age.

Mine was a very old second beaten up secondhand of BBC Micro at the end of the 1980s. But this product is with its mechanical keyboard, with its backlit mechanical keyboard and 16 gigabytes of RAM, this is really a love letter of those machines that we grew up with. It's a wonderful demonstration for us. How does it fit in with our strategy? It's a wonderful demonstration that with the Raspberry Pi 5 platform, roughly 150x the performance of the Raspberry Pi 1 that we launched 14 years ago back in 2012, that we've now reached a performance level where this platform really can pull its weight in a modern high-performance client PC.

And finally, we have AI HAT+2, an honorable mention, didn't quite make it into the year-end, launched in the middle of January. This is the second output of our successful -- our very successful long-term collaboration with accelerator vendor Hailo. It builds on the success of our first-generation AI accelerator products that we launched in 2024 and for the first time, allows accelerated execution of modern AI workloads like vision transformer models, large language models and vision language models. I'll talk in a moment about why we believe that this product and the concept of running AI workloads on Raspberry Pi is very important to the future of our platform.

Of course, we can only build fantastic products because we first built a fantastic team. In 2025, we continued to hire into the engineering team. We added a number of new senior engineers into the silicon organization, and we continue to take fantastic graduates from our very successful and long-running summer internship program. And we continue to focus on retention. We had one retiree. So 2025 was a flagship year for us in another sense. It was the first year that somebody retired from the engineering workforce at the age of 71. And we have that one retiree, but otherwise, 100, we continued with our record of 100% retention rate in the engineering team.

We've made some targeted investments alongside growing the engineering team. We've made some targeted investments in business development, in application engineering, in communications and in the finance and legal team.

And last but very much not least, I'm incredibly excited that Tim Mamtora joined us this month in the newly created position of Chief Operating Officer. Tim was formerly the Chief Technology Officer at Imagination Technologies and is a long-time friend and former colleague of mine at Broadcom. I've known Tim for very nearly 20 years. We'll be centralizing and formalizing a lot of our operations activity into Tim's new organization, including engineering operations, manufacturing operations, supply chain, IT and cybersecurity. And really, when we make these changes to the organization, we see that as building the architecture that will support the next phase of our growth story.

Now as we build the capacity to interact with our customers, we also build our capacity to learn from them. I'm not going to belabor this slide, but I thought it was worth giving you a few examples of the sectors that our OEM customers operate in from digital signage to IoT gateways, retail and point of sale, smart home and industrial automation and many more.

Now it's striking when we talk to these customers that across all these sectors, our customers share both common strategic concerns. They're deeply concerned with time to market and with optimizing the transition from prototype to production. They care about gaining access to advanced technology without having to should a high fixed costs inside their organizations. And they're navigating, of course, an increasingly complex regulatory environment for IoT devices.

And they also share common product aspirations. Many of these customers are working to bring existing products to smaller form factors and lower price points. They're adding intelligence and connectivity to legacy products. And they're doing both those things in a world where security for IoT devices has gone from being a nice to have to being a legal necessity if you want to be able to ship your product. And all of these customers, as they confront these challenges and try to pursue these aspirations, they're all confronting what we call the R&D air pocket. This is the challenge of recruiting and retaining the talent required to design an intelligent product. bring that product rapidly to production and keep it in production in a rapidly changing environment.

We're positioning Raspberry Pi to these customers as a solution to these challenges. To our largest customers, we're doing that through our board-to-board initiative at the C-suite level. And to smaller customers, we're doing this by more traditional marketing activity and physical presence at trade shows and other events. I was at embedded world in Nuremberg a couple of weeks ago, largely to speak to DRAM vendors. But while I was there, I was struck by the hunger for solutions to these challenges among OEMs and by the growing awareness and really gratified by the growing awareness of and enthusiasm for Raspberry Pi as a supplier in this space.

I'll give you a couple of examples of some of our favorite OEM customers. Firstly, Sixfab, they were a guest on our standard embedded world. They use our platform to build ruggedized industrial computers, and they build those around our compute module products. Our value proposition to companies like Sixfab is really very simple. We provide reliable, available, embeddable general purpose computing at an attractive price point, and we support those computers with world-class software and other collateral.

Then we have ProGlove. They're a long-standing German industrial OEM customer who we serve through our direct-to-OEM channel model. They build wireless gateways for warehouse operations around Zero 2 W, our $15, our most cost-effective SBC product, most cost-effective modern SBC product. And again, a very, very simple proposition to customers like ProGlove. We're providing them with the perfect mix of compute interfacing and connectivity that in ProGlove's case, allow them to rapidly add new functionality to an existing platform, and we're backing that with long-term software support and long-term availability guarantees.

Now a word on the edge AI opportunity for Raspberry Pi. First of all, I think we have to remember that we come to this opportunity from a position of enormous strength. We're already the most popular platform for edge computing and many of our customers' workloads already have an AI flavor to them generally because there is a lag in terms of how new technology makes its way into the OEM space. When we say an AI flavor, what we tend to mean is visual AI, vision AI, generally the recognition and classification of objects in still and video images coming into the Raspberry Pi. Some of those workloads will run on the CPU, some of them may be GPU accelerated. Some of them may be accelerated by a dedicated accelerator platform for one of our partners, notably Hailo and Sony. And we have fantastic relationships with these accelerator vendors and with the model vendors. And we leverage these relationships over time to expand the platform performance envelope to expand the range of AI workloads, which will run performantly on Raspberry Pi products.

There's a cluster of megatrends, I think, that define and underpin the general edge AI opportunity. Frontier models in the cloud are hugely capable. But when we build IoT applications on those cloud models, we build in latency, we build in ongoing cost, and we build in a dependence on the reliability and availability of the network, which translates into inherent brittleness in the resulting product. In contrast, if we run -- if we are able to run AI workloads at the edge of the network, those -- that has the potential to deliver IoT applications, which are more robust, more cost effective and which deliver lower latency and address pervasive concerns around privacy and data sovereignty.

Now we know that over time, AI capabilities trickle down the performance ladder. Models become smaller, they become sparser, they are more heavily quantized. -- all without sacrificing performance. We've seen this already in Vision AI. The workloads that people run our largest OEM customers today are AI customers. They are running Vision AI applications on Raspberry Pi. And the workloads that they're running today on Raspberry Pi would have required a large NVIDIA GPU a decade ago. So we've seen this happen already. We've seen the confluence of the increased performance of edge devices like Raspberry Pi and the reduction in compute intensity of models at constant quality output. We've seen those converge to enable Vision AI at scale on Raspberry Pi platforms. And we're seeing this same trend replay itself today in large language models and other generative workloads. Taken together, this confluence of expanding performance and shrinking performance requirements will gradually bring more workloads into play for Edge AI.

So what's the opportunity here for Raspberry Pi? Well, quite simply, the opportunity is to leverage our existing position in edge computing to become the platform of choice for AI at the edge. We have the opportunity to serve the existing demand for edge AI compute across markets from industrial automation to defense. We have the opportunity to become the default embedded host for Agentic AI. And we've already -- we're already seeing this in the popularity of Agentic platforms like OpenClaw running on Raspberry Pi. And together, these give us the opportunity to define the future direction of AI as inference migrates to the edge over the next decade.

Now 2025 was a milestone year for us in semiconductors. As I said earlier, we sold 8.4 million devices. That's up 47% year-on-year, meaning that for the first time, we sold more chips than we sold boards. And we really are just getting started. We believe that semiconductors let us make better boards and modules. And we believe that over time, they will become a valuable second franchise in their own right. Our road map for the next five years is informed by both these beliefs. I think you're going to see regular microcontroller releases aimed at expanding our TAM, whether that's by hitting new price performance points, whether it's by integrating new interfacing capabilities and new connectivity features into the platform, whether it's by qualifying our existing products at extended operating points, all of those grow the total addressable market for our microcontroller products. And then building on the success of RP1, we expect to be able to deliver differentiated features and improved margins on our boards and on our modules.

So, Raspberry Pi Connect, we're less than two years into the Raspberry Pi Connect story, and it continues -- the Raspberry Pi Connect platform continues to go from strength to strength. We have 370,000 registered devices on the Connect platform at the end of 2025 and over 0.5 million registered devices today. In 2025, we launched many new features aimed at OEM customer pain points, including over-the-air firmware updates and deeper integration with our imagery utility to simplify the onboarding of devices and of users. Connect is the latest iteration, I think, of our mission to simplify the OEM product journey. And over time, it's becoming both a valuable complement to an enabler for our hardware business and an increasingly credible line of business in its own right.

Finally, a word on outlook. Well, we said that in 2025, the second half was stronger than the first half and that Q4 was stronger than Q3. We brought that momentum and substantial customer backlogs with us into 2026. We're very, very confident in the short-term demand environment and in the work that we're doing to grow demand in the medium to long term and particularly in the potential of the board-to-board initiative. On supply chain, clearly, the DRAM environment remains a concern, but we're comfortable that we have the inventory and the relationships to navigate it. And we really do see this more as an opportunity to take market share and build customer loyalty than as a threat to our business. And on finances, we're expecting profitability for the year to be in line with market estimates, but we are flagging that obviously, with price increases on the product with an increase in product ASP, revenue is likely to be substantially higher than market estimates.

So I'm going to leave you -- not going to belabor this slide either. I'm going to leave you with some quotes from some of our favorite OEM customers attesting to their enthusiasm for the Raspberry Pi platform, and I'll be very happy to take questions.

That's great. Eben, thank you very much indeed and Richard for updating investors. [Operator Instructions] I'd just like to remind you a recording of this presentation along with a copy of the slides and the published Q&A will be available via the Investor Meet Company dashboard.

Eben, Richard, you received a number of questions from investors today. Thank you so much to everybody for your engagement this afternoon. Eben, if I may just hand back to you, if I could ask you just to read out the questions, of course, where it's appropriate to do so, and I'll pick up from you at the end.

Okay. Well, I'll start with one which is very much at the top of my mind at the moment. This is, do we have a -- we don't have a name attributed to this. But Raspberry's mission is rooted in education and accessibility. I'm concerned about reports of boards and add-on systems ending up in conflict and weapon systems via the gray marketplace. How is the company ensuring that products remain aligned with its educational mission and what safeguards are being strengthened to protect the brand and its ESG standing.

So we are aware of the use of our products in particularly drone platforms, particularly Russian drone platforms in the context of the invasion of Ukraine. We -- this news has prompted us to take, I think, another look, a very detailed look at, as you say, the gray market, I would classify these under the sales under the heading diversion. We put in place -- we've put a lot of work in over the last six months, in particular, to strengthen the -- particularly for unit selling into China to strengthen the information that we require from that our resellers provide us in terms of the end use of our products. We've been very gratified by the assistance of our licensee partner, Premier Farnell and our Chinese approved reseller partners have given us in allowing us to get that extra level of detail.

We do believe it's possible. I don't think this is not a council of despair. We do believe that it is possible to meaningfully limit hopefully, to very, very small numbers, but potentially to zero to limit the flow of our products into these sort of applications. Nobody is happy when they wake up in the morning and see to these stories, and we are doing our very best to get in the way of this diversion of our products into these...

Clear to our resellers in China and a few other intermediate locations unacceptability and reinforced how clearly that's set out in our terms of trade with them.

Fairly obvious question, but what is the effect of high memory prices on your sales? I think it's fair to say we've yet to see significant evidence of elasticity of overall elasticity of demand of people not buying Raspberry Pis when they would otherwise support Raspberry Pis. I think we believe that over time, we will see some density elasticity. We will see people trading down. I think we've come through an era of DRAM being incredibly expensive, incredibly cheap coming into an era of being incredibly expensive. We come through an era of it being incredibly cheap. And in that environment, both individual users and smaller volume OEMs are not heavily incentivized to trim their usage of memory.

I think as we come into this more expensive era, it will be a time-limited era, but we do believe it will be with us for a while. As we come into that era, we do expect to see -- I think we've seen maybe a little evidence of enthusiast customers trading down already. I think we will see OEM customers. Obviously, there's a time lag for OEM customers because there's engineering involved in tuning a software stack to lower memory debt.

But I think taken in conjunction with, I think, an increase in boards, which we look forward to for '26, we do have higher prices. So I think the revenue line in our accounts will increase substantially on that basis.

But the thing I think that we just want to stress to you, we do focus on profit per unit. Therefore, the gross profit will not rise in the same way. And there probably as a margin percentage, there will be some impact, some reduction in that margin percentage as a consequence of the maths in that.

Are there plans to bring Raspberry Pi Connect to the microcontroller family? Yes. There are plans to bring Raspberry Pi Connect to the microcontroller family. I think we are refining at the moment if you think that Raspberry Pi Connect has its roots as a remote access solution. I think we are refining what the proposition there might look like for remote access. I think the proposition for over-the-air updates, which we added to Raspberry Pi Connect at the end of last year, microcontrollers is much more straightforward. You may even imagine a world in which we ship OTA before we ship remote access in that space. Let's see.

Do direct unit sales include sales to approved resellers or these B2B direct? Now when we say direct unit sales, that's the sum of the -- if you think we have three channels, we have licensee, we have direct to reseller and we have direct to OEM. So direct to reseller is mediated sales to OEMs, to industrial users and to enthusiasts. Direct for us is the sum of the latter two direct for us is everything that is licensee. That's the number that we see in this kind of 70% to 80% corridor in any given year.

Can you comment on the success of the China-only compute Module 0? It seems like a nice sweet spot of price performance that the world would buy in large quantities. So 2025 was also the year that we launched our first geographic-specific product. This is the CM0 low-cost compute module that we launched to the Chinese market. I think that we are -- we have seen -- that has been a success for us. I think we have seen inquiries. We have seen interest outside of China. I think the challenge for us with that platform is we are not currently -- it is not currently clear when we launch a new product.

Increasingly, we are offering 10- to 15-year windows of basically guaranteed availability. It isn't clear to us because of the chipset that we use in the compute Module 0 platform that we can meet that criterion for compute Module 0. That's important for a global market product. It's a little bit less important for a China market product. And so I think we just have to understand how we either get comfortable with the long-term availability of compute module 0 or we get comfortable that we can message the reduced availability window for that product. So it's likely to be a 5- to 10-year product rather than a 10- to 15-year product. We just need to make sure that we message this. It's an enormous gest of faith when an OEM customer designs our product in, and we want to be very clear that people aren't designing the product in on the basis of an unrealistic expectation about product availability.

Let's see. Admin expenses include sales personnel, correct?

Yes, they do. Yes.

Let's have a look. How high is the risk of sourcing DRAM, et cetera, compared to bigger players like Lenovo? What is your strategy on this? There's always risk associated with sourcing components of any sort during a shortage for that component. I think that we benefit in general, I think in any -- my feeling and some of the feedback, I think we've had from vendors is that being a large player in a particular market is advantageous to us in this situation. And so just as I think Lenovo will probably benefit from being one of the largest, possibly still the largest laptop vendor. We benefit from being one of the largest vendors of modular and single-board computers.

So there's always risk. But as I said, I think the formulation we've used is we're comfortable that we have the inventory levels because, of course, we did come into this year with substantial inventories of DRAM, particularly at lower densities. And then we have the relationships. And part of that is the brand equity associated with the Raspberry brand that we can leverage to secure ongoing supply. So I think we are optimistic. There is always danger there, but we are always -- we are optimistic about that.

Let's have a look. How do you manage different currencies? Do you use options futures?

Essentially, all of our numbers down to gross profit are all in dollars. We take some -- we sell some products to customers in euros, but that price is actually pegged to the dollar and sort of reevaluated certainly quarterly and more often if the price moves. We have overheads in sterling. We do hedge those out into the reported dollar number using essentially forward contracts. We keep it as simple as possible just to lock in that, take one area of risk out. But certainly, we haven't looked at any more complex derivatives. And I think we've got other things to concentrate on.

There are no DRAM futures.

Sadly. That would be very good actually.

Did we see a significant increase in demand related to Agentic AI and OpenClaw? No, I don't think we saw a prompt increase in demand. I think the reason we are excited about Agentic AI is because it's a sign of things to come. Often, what we find is that our enthusiast customer base are ahead of the game. The things our enthusiasts are doing now, our OEM customers will do our industrial customers, our OEM customers we'll be doing in three, four, five years' time. The popularity there is undoubtedly substantial use of Raspberry Pi in this space is an indicator that Agentic AI, particularly in this kind of future agentic AI in which more of the computers migrated into the agent has migrated into the local client device is a powerful -- I guess it's a powerful abstraction. It's a powerful abstraction to put around the underlying AI technology. So it's more a forward-looking thing than a source of very substantial demand in here.

Are we concerned about Chinese companies reverse engineering of products and competing? Obviously, we're always concerned about competition. We're very alive to the threat of competition. I think what's striking about Raspberry Pi is that we've been able to build a sustainable business around not just building the hardware, but putting high-quality software on it and building high-quality collateral around the platform. I think that's probably what distinguishes us from nominally similar Chinese competitors. We continue to be very alive to the risks of competition, continue to try and bolster the platform.

You can see Raspberry Pi Connect as being an important part of this, right? We are very focused, particularly for our OEM customers on identifying their pain points and doing the engineering that's required to address those. And the more of that you do, the more compelling, there's a nonlinear benefit to being able to solve all of OEM or all of an OEM's problems rather than just a subset of them.

But then on things like Raspberry Pi 5 and compute module, it has our own silicon on it. So you would have to reverse engineer the silicon to actually produce competing product.

Let's have a look -- we have a Max B on the line. Many questions, as always, from Max. Let's have a look. Many thanks to investor for the opportunity of this meeting. A lot of us on here, I guess, would like to own the shares. However, the small free float is contributing to a highly volatile share price. What can you say publicly about the likelihood of the free float increasing?

I don't think we can necessarily say anything about that. I mean, obviously, it's -- we understand why the free float for the company is limited. We have a nearly 50% shareholder in the Raspberry Pi Foundation. We have a number of other large shareholders in the business. I don't think that we have a perspective on that. That's a shareholder issue rather than a company issue, and I'm not sure we really have a valuable perspective on that.

From George, what types of partnerships could accelerate your next phase of growth?

I think that the partnerships, they look like customer relationships sometimes. But I think some of the companies that we're pursuing through the Board-to-Board initiative, the sort of super massive companies that we are pursuing through the Board-to-Board initiative, they do feel more like partnerships than customer relationships, both because they're large enough and deep enough to...

They run for quite a while to establish them.

Yes, that's right. So when you have a large multidivisional prospective customer, often you are interacting with that customer at the C-suite level. So you're not interacting with anybody who does, who makes anything, you're interacting with that kind of central organization. And you often find yourself, I think, in a partnership relationship with the central element of a multidivisional organization. I think the Board-to-Board engagements are working particularly well are working well because we found in that central organization, somebody who is prepared to be our partner, who is prepared to take Raspberry, take the Raspberry Pi story, take the Raspberry Pi value proposition out into the organization. I think those have been very valuable.

I think we've also -- I mean, with the help of particularly our brokers, we've actually been able to get quite a senior level access to these organizations. So perhaps something that maybe a partner in a purely sales view would provide is actually something we've been very lucky in terms of getting access at the right level in organizations in the last years.

Yes. I guess, obviously, the other -- the simplest example is what sorts of partnerships? Well, the sorts of partnerships we've been building for a long time. We run a partner event every October now. We have roughly 400 people. You look at the sorts of partners who are there, originally, it was a reseller event. I think all of these organizations are go to the Arm partner meeting every year in Cambridge in August. And that's an event that has, over time, evolved from being simply a meeting for Arm's IP licensees to being a meeting of the ecosystem that is convened around the ARM platform. I think we see that change. So we see a world where five5 years ago, the event was about resellers. Now it's about resellers. It's about ISVs, it's about IHVs. It's about the entire ecosystem that's grown up around the platform, some of our vendors as well, some of our component vendors.

So we continue to try and nurture those partnerships, grow them, deliver value to our partners, whether they're upstream from us or downstream from us in the supply chain or whether they're off to one site, whether they're producing complementary products that benefit from where they benefit from the existence of Raspberry Pi and we benefit from the existence of their solutions regardless of how -- of what the business relationship is with the partners. I think that we have got better over time at understanding what their needs are and articulating an advantage to them in being involved with Raspberry Pi.

Let's see who else -- let's see. What was happening throughout the year that led to more MCU units being sold in the first half versus the second half of 2025? That's a good question. Nobody has asked this yet. What's the outlook for the MCU business in 2026 and also the medium term? Will demand likely follow the product launches? Or should we expect to see continuous growth for existing products?

A couple of thoughts there. I'm surprised that nobody has asked us this question before. Yes, we definitely did sell more MCUs, fractionally more MCUs in the first half of the year than the second half of the year. We had a couple of big hits in the first half. So generally, like a lot of our business, our MCU business is made up of a very large number of relatively small orders. In the first half of the year, we had a roughly 0.5 million unit order and an 800,000 unit order, the first from a Taiwanese customer, the second from a Scandinavian customer. Those were sufficient to tip the balance, even though I think we were seeing underlying month-on-month growth, those two were large enough. Our business is still small enough that our aggregate 1.3 million units is enough to tip the balance back into the first half of the year. I think we're seeing good momentum into this year. We've had some good -- yes. So I think we are -- I think we -- I would expect to see continuous growth. The interesting aspect of those sales, that 8.4 million units last year, dominated by RP2040, a real reflection. That's a product we launched in 2021, nominally superseded by RP2350 in some ways. in 2024, but the design cycles are sufficiently long and the cost structure advantage that 2040 has over 2350 is very real that we continue to see.

I suspect I've said to somebody the other day in the context of amortization periods, I said these are conversations I have now. I used to be an engineer that I would not be surprised if in 2036, we sell more RP2040s than we sold in 2035. I think silicon products are -- silicon products, particularly deep embedded silicon products like these microcontrollers are weird, right?

You've been seeing that for 20 years.

Yes, that's it. That's it. I mean lots of -- these products have very -- well, you talk about them having very long tails in practice, they may continue to ramp pretty much indefinitely. So that's quite exciting.

Somebody, Mark saying, I can see the advantage of getting your desktop 500-plus kits into schools in Africa, energy-efficient, low cost, obviously, solid state devices and therefore, much more durable and rugged environments. We have a couple of. One of the things we've done over the last five years is to build out in Sub-Saharan Africa, a reseller community. Some of the -- some of my favorite interactions at our partner event are with our African resellers. We've built out a reseller community in sub-Saharan Africa, very much like the reseller community we have in Europe. And certainly, the 400 series product, which remains extremely cost effective.

So the 500 has got a memory.

Yes, 500 has memory challenges, 400, we're lucky enough to have come into the situation with reasonable inventory of that product with old price DRAM in it. So we see 400, 500, 500 plus as being particularly interesting in that market.

Let's see what I only have Max questions left. Let me have a look. Max has asked a bunch of technical questions about the RCF. What other types of accessories do we envisage adding to the lineup? I mean that's very interesting. We always sort of feel that we must have got to the end of accessories. And you look at the accessory sales, they're quite dominated by cameras. Displays, pass storage. Those are the kind of -- that's the heart of the -- and that's kind of the heart of the business because every device needs a -- because every device needs at least the power supply and flash storage and many of our -- certainly our OEM applications, to the extent the vision AI applications, they need a way of capturing images and sometimes a way of displaying images in the field. So -- but then we have a large number of other accessory devices.

Enclosures, I suppose, is another one. We always think we're done. We have various hats. We always think we're done, but I'm sure we'll think of something. You think about the things we've not done, we've not done anything with cellular radio. We've not done anything with batteries. There's always been a little tiny squeamishness in the business about batteries. We hold ourselves to very high engineering standards. Battery engineering is extremely challenging engineering. We've not done that yet. I suspect those two, we might take a look at. But then at the same time, I suspect you're going to see more cameras, you're going to see more displays. You're going to see us doubling down on the things that really work for us in the business.

But they're all things that we actually participate in the engineering of. They're not just sticking a name on.

Let's see, what is the time -- another Max question. What is the time line for Pi 6? Has it been impacted by the memory situation? I mean we've all seen a couple of reports about PlayStation time lines?

No. I mean, I think that the time line for Pi 6, if you look at our history, our products generally have four or five years in the sun. Every product has four or five years as the flagship product. That puts us about halfway through the nominal lifespan of Raspberry Pi 5. I suspect Raspberry Pi 5 has legs as a product. It's such an enormous step up. Pi 4 was a very large step up over Pi 3. To some extent, I feel that Pi 4 is [indiscernible] compute are only coming into their own [indiscernible] So to the extent that we had two successive very large steps up in performance in 2019 and 2023, I suspect that Pi 5 may have some more -- may have more life to it than a typical flagship product. So whatever happens, I will be -- even at the most optimistic schedule for that product, I will be surprised, saddened, disappointed if we're not out of the woods on DRAM by the time that product reaches its natural launch moment.

So I think we're covering the -- perhaps a few closing remarks.

Yes. Let me just jump in there, and thank you to everybody for your engagement as more questions keep coming in there. Eben, every question you answer, another one comes through. So thank you to everybody for engagement. Eben and Richard, I know investor feedback is particularly important to you both. I'll shortly redirect those on the call to provide you with their feedback. But before doing so, I wondered if I may, Eben, just ask you for a couple of closing comments.

Sure. Well, thank you all for your time today. 2025, as I said, was a remarkable year for Raspberry Pi. 2026, I think, is shaping up to be a remarkable year for us as well. So again, thank you for your time. Looking forward to seeing what the next year has in store.

That's great. Eben and Richard, thank you once again. Could I please ask investors not to conclude the session as we'll now redirect investors to provide you with their feedback.

On behalf of the management team of Raspberry Pi, I'd like to thank you for attending today's presentation, and wish you all a good afternoon.

Welcome to our results presentation for 2025. Fourth time we've done this, first time we've done it in this particular room. Rich and I are going to walk you through some abbreviated highlights of the year, give a summary of our financial performance, an update on our progress against strategy in the year, and then we'll conclude with some words on the outlook for the rest of 2026. In summary, 2025 was absolutely standout year for us. Shipments of boards and modules increased 9% to 7.6 million units, and that delivered a 25% increase in EBITDA. We saw demand build steadily through the year. The second half of the year was better than the first half. The fourth quarter was better than the third quarter. And we've really taken that demand with us, that demand momentum with us into the first quarter of 2026.

We saw particular strength in our 2 largest markets, the United States and China. And as we speculated when we did our half year results, this was, in the end, the crossover year for semiconductors, the first year in which we sold more semiconductor products than we sold boards and modules. We saw a 47% year-on-year increase in chip sales to 8.4 million units. Look, we're at heart of Raspberry Pi. We're at a heart of product company, and we love launching products more than pretty much anything else we do. This was a somewhat slower year for us than 2024, but still one of our strongest years historically.

A bunch of new hardware products, including some new microcontroller variants, we launched in August, we launched variance of the RP2350, the new -- the second-generation microcontroller. We launched variant of that product, which, for the first time, integrate nonvolatile memory into the package. But really, the star of the show for us was the performance of our first software product, Raspberry Pi Connect. We launched Connect in beta in the middle of 2024, added a lot of new features, including over-the-air firmware updates, which just squeaked in at the end of 2025. All of those features really intended to increase the utility of the Raspberry Pi Connect platform for our Raspberry Pi Connect for organizations, OEM customers.

And we ended the year with very nearly 400,000 devices registered with that platform. On the commercial side, we've been strengthening. We continue to strengthen our marketing outreach, increasing our presence at physical events. We've seen strong momentum in the board-to-board program. This is the initiative that -- this is our initiative to promote Raspberry Pi directly to major industrial OEMs at the C-suite level. And we've seen particular interest from OEMs in the smart home and aerospace and defense sectors. And we've been refining the structure of our reseller channel, too. We've retired a number of underperforming partners to the extent that this is the first year for the first time we left the year with slightly fewer, very slightly fewer reseller partners that we entered the year with. But we've been making a number of focused additions targeting key geographies and key sectors. So with that, I'm going to hand over to Richard for the financial review.

So overall, as Eben said, 2025 was a very good year. I think to understand that story, you need to just look at the shape of unit sales over the last 24 months, which, as you can see here, we've broken down by quarter. Why particularly quarter 1 2024 was really the period when we saw the last of the orders that came through from the shortages that had happened in '22 and '23 and really the orders that people have placed finally started to unwind in '24. And also it was the period really when the unit volume from the launch of Pi 5 a bit earlier came through. So that was a particularly strong quarter for Farnell with the Pi 5 volume that they really took on, but also compute modules were incredibly strong in that period.

Then coming into the sort of middle period of 2024, really the quarters that straddled the half year was when I think as the whole of the electronics sector saw this significant indigestion of people who had really sort of filled their warehouses, filled their boots with products. And that really caused that sort of dip through the middle of the year. It's sometimes described as a [indiscernible]. I think Rich just might have been a better way to describe it through that period. That started to -- the indigestion, should we say, started to clear by quarter 4 of '24. And then coming into '25, we started to see that buildup of products like demand for Pi 3s, compute module, those classic products that we would see as very much the ones where there's industrial demand. That saw a steady improvement through 2025 to really having then a very strong close to the 2025 as the industrial customers really came into strength.

We saw compute module demand coming through. And that was really that period in quarter 4, about 2.2 million units. And we've seen similar momentum coming into the next quarter into quarter 1 of this year. Inevitably probably some interest from people looking to anticipate memory increases, but really demand that we regulated quite rigorously through the sales team in terms of stopping people from overbuying and really holding people to either prices these days that they if there's going to be a price increase, which something anticipated, we've said to them, you will get that future price, you don't get the price at the date you're placing the order. So we have taken quite significant steps to try and prevent people from building up inventory.

So overall, our unit volumes, 7.6 million units, up 9%. Our gross profit per unit was $8.70, which you can see is up significantly on the $7.40 of last year. Some themes within there. The first tranche of 2 million Pi 5s, they cost us about an additional $5 because of the initial cost for Broadcom chips that we agreed with them. So that obviously unwound in 2025, improving that margin. But also, we've seen a better mix. Pico's and those sort of low-margin products have been flat through the period, whereas Pi 5 and Pi 4 and the compute modules have picked up. And we've also seen a growth in direct, which for the same board sees a better margin -- sorry, profit per unit. So gross profit per unit overall was up 23% and the gross profit was also up sort of similar amounts.

EBITDA was up about 25% on the back of that. And EPS, talk a little bit more detail later, adjusted EPS was up about 35% on the back of that stronger profit. Cash finished the year at about $28 million, down on the previous year. But during the year, we had some significant extended payables that coming into '25, which we cleared through the year. So overall, finished at about $28 million and with an undrawn RCF. So as I said, units up overall to 7.6 million. We expect that sort of strength that we saw in the last quarters to continue into '26. So there's good momentum there coming in. So we would see some improvement on that number as the case that we're comfortable with for the following year.

Direct, particularly has increased while royalty sales have stayed flat. So we've gone from about 70% of our sales being through the direct channel to 76%. I think that number trending between 70% to 80% towards the 80% is the sort of expectation we have for '26. Gross profit per unit rose to $8.70, as we said, from $7. We expect that to come down in '26. I think the pressure on memory increases is such that we will see some pricing biting on that. So that profit per unit will come down in the sort of '26 in this year. And then accessories, which was the other sort of standout thing of the year. In terms of profit per board, it rose to about $1.40 from $1.20 in the previous year. And that's a mixture of cameras were very strong.

I think that vision, whether it's Vision AI, as Eben alluded to elsewhere, but that combination of cameras and Raspberry Pi boards there has been quite significant demand. We have sold quite a lot of SSD memory and SD cards, and that has certainly helped in '25. And then we've also had AI hats and also some really good volume on displays as well in the '26 -- sorry, '25 year. So in totality, revenue was up some 25%. It's not a number that we use as a key metric because it includes both royalty income and -- which is near 100% margin and sales of direct boards, which obviously is operating at lower sort of margins, say, 20%, 30%. But it was up 25%, in line with the other increases in units. We do expect that to increase really quite significantly in '26 as a result of the memory price increases that we're reflecting in the price of our boards that we're selling to people.

So we do expect to see significant increase from that and also from the increase in number of units. Gross profit was up 23% and as a result of the gross profit per unit that we've talked about previously. And the margins stayed pretty consistent at 24%. I think mathematically, that will come down in '26 as the revenue increases, gross profit per unit stays reasonably steady, comes down a little. So the effect of the math is that percentage comes down through that period. We are very much focused on that gross profit per unit rather than the margin percentage. Overall, overheads increased about 22% in total. Our research and development costs went up about 28%. Salaries, the people costs, which are the major part of that underlying increased about 10%, but we capitalize a proportion of those costs -- it was about 42% were capitalized in 2025, which is really quite a low percentage compared to, say, 56% in the previous year.

It really does fluctuate depending on the nature of the products that we're developing at the time and also where they are in the cycle. So in 2025, it was much more probably of an emphasis on software. '24 has seen the release of the RP2350, our latest microcontroller products. So there was quite a lot of capitalization in that period. Since then, people have been doing work to keep the product updated, but we don't capitalize that. So there is a function. I think in the future, we'll probably see that more at the 50% sort of level. Other areas of work, Pi Connect, something that given the wide range of possible outcomes, we've stood back from capitalizing that one at the moment, for example, and there's a number of other products of similar nature.

Administrative costs were up. They were up some 19%. This was our first year as a listed company. There were a number of costs that came in, whether it was grossly more expensive CFOs and their bonuses or fees to brokers and others who are looking at this luxurious building here and wondering whether they're in the right business. But that was up as a result of that. We wouldn't expect to see that continue into the future. We'd expect certainly that overall total bundle of overheads to grow at a lower level in the future. Depreciation was overall approximately flat. It's a very similar portfolio of products to the previous year. And some of the products that we have, we now have slightly longer lives based on the success of them RP2040, we originally were depreciating over 6 years. Its fifth year of trading was its best ever.

So we looked at those lives and we stretched that out a couple of years. So there's a little bit of benefit there on the admin costs. So overall adjusted EBITDA, which is probably one of our key metrics was up 25%. Operating profit up 35% because of that essentially flat depreciation and amortization. And then tax on that, which is an effective tax rate, and that's combined current tax and deferred tax compared to adjusted profit tax was down to about 18% or so. We had a couple of things that came into our favor. RP, one of the pieces that is in the latest microcontrollers and is also in Pi 5 allows us to use the patent box regime [Audio Gap] bit of a catch-up in these numbers because you can look back once you've got that patent. And there was also a provision that we put in previously that unwound.

So there's some benefits in there, got the rate down to about 18%. I think in the future, we'd expect to be about 22% to 23% tax admittedly including deferred tax. So a lot of the good stuff that my colleagues do in terms of whether it's research and development expenditure credits, whether it's the government's various other schemes for R&D, they help on the current tax, the deferred tax kind of puts it back into the numbers. So I think as a tax rate, 22% to 23%. Turning to the balance sheet. Fixed assets increased by about $10 million. That's really capitalization of the intangibles we've talked about plus the depreciation, some of them.

Inventory improved. That's how the finance person describes it. I think my colleague here may say it's a shame that the inventory is not up, but it's down about $10 million. What we saw was a significant reduction in finished goods going through '24. We certainly had some buildup, which we have taken quite significant steps by the end of '24 to bring down. That flows through into '25. It's probably fair to say that we're now down probably as low as we can realistically go on finished goods and speed at which demand has taken up has certainly impacted that. On components, memory, we've improved the holdings as at the end of '25 and similarly on processor chips. So that's really the other side, I think we flagged that it's increased by $21 million. And then receivables are up year-on-year. Quarter 4 of '25, as you saw from the unit volume charts was a very strong quarter, and that's flowed through into those receivables.

It's probably also an element of we now increased prices, and therefore, we're selling at the same board but at a higher price. Payables has come down. Normally, payables and receivables actually pretty similar. They stay in lockstep. The reason for that is at the end of '24, partly is a sign of how weak suppliers were at that stage, they were offering us quite significant extended payable terms, which we took up. We've unwound those through the period of 2025 such that we're now down at more normal level of payables. But the effect of that clearly was an outflow on the cash flow and increase in the net working capital number, but it's something that we cleared. I think we flagged that at the half year, and that's really come through to us. And we really have a couple of million or so of extended payables with longer than the sort of typical 30- to 45-day term that we used to.

That resulted in cash at the end of the year of $28 million, as I mentioned previously, down predominantly I think because of those extended payables, but now starting to sort of settle. And we have $80 million RCF. We uprated that in the first quarter of '25 from $40 million. That remains undrawn. Cash flow, I guess, very much a sort of reprise of just described on the balance sheet as you'd hope. You can see the outflows in respect to the payable reductions, the receivables. CapEx, we spent about $18.2 million of cash on primarily intangibles product development in the year, very much in the range of guidance that we've given at $20 million a year.

I think over time, we'd expect that to rise to sort of 25% of gross profit. But it will be lumpy. We've got some products where come '27 -- back end of '27 into '28 as you actually go to TSMC and ask them to make the chip, there is an upfront payment. If we're buying an item from Arm Cadence, Synopsys and some piece of IP. Again, that may come in particularly even it's for the benefit of the next 3 or 4 years of development. Tax credit, 2025, we had a 2 years' worth of research and development expenditure credit. We didn't quite get the filing in time at the end of '24. So we saw 2 lots of money in '25. So there's a little bit of a lumpiness there. And tax paid, we paid about $4.1 million of tax overall, similar level to the previous year.

So overall, I think $28 million of cash and cash conversion, which is really our EBITDA minus the growth in working capital. I think we would expect over time that to sort of turn back to the cash-generative business that we recognize. I think that sort of conversion of probably about 60% to 80% of EBITDA in the medium term is realistic, essentially no more extended payables. And hopefully, the level of inventory will continue to manage, but it will fluctuate if there's an opportunity to buy lots of memory at a very good price, we will do that. It's really quite necessary. I'm going to finish with a little bit on memory. Any difficult questions though, I will very much point towards this gentleman here who is living it on a daily basis. The long-term trend of memory, as you can see in the black chart from one of the more vocal analysts in the sector on semi analysis over -- since 1973, over the last 50 years, there has been a downward sloping logarithmic curve.

So this is logarithmic. It's -- if you could actually plot it with a normal y-axis, you would see that very neutral downward curve, I think Eben frequently demonstrates on the radio. And that has continued. It's Moore's Law in action. However, what we've seen in the last year on the back of demand for high-bandwidth memory used in data centers is a sudden switch in production. Initially SK Hynix, I think strongly regarded in that space, but rapidly subsequently followed by Samsung and Micron to move their production in that area. That has created significant increases in cost of memory. It's increased the demand -- sorry, because of that reduction, there is more strain on supply as well.

So, we have seen start to see increases. I think it says here, we've seen an increase of about 7x on board. Memory is about 25% of the cost of our boards. We've already put through price increases. We started putting them through in the last quarter of last year. There were some more in the first quarter of this year. I think sadly, there will be more this year as we continue. We'll continue to focus on that profit per unit as being the key measure. So we will take steps. We have good inventory levels, particularly at the lower memory capacity, so the 1 gigabyte, 2 gigabyte. And we have historically had good volumes, but we are eating into those on the 4 and 8 at low historic prices. And we have been using that to partly manage in a sort of controlled way the increases that we're now having to put through to our customers.

So we have probably got enough supply for '26 at those lower memory variants, so 1 gigabyte, 2 gigabytes. We have got good conversations going with a number of suppliers at the other areas. The reputation that Raspberry Pi has is actually been incredibly helpful in some of the conversations we've had with people that we've never talked to before that know of us. And for them, I think that association has certainly smooth conversations. But it is something that we are working hard through, particularly as we go into the last half of '26 and then into '27, making sure we've got an adequate level of memory is a cause of great focus. So we've got more suppliers. We've taken some technical steps. We have the ability to use smaller memory chips to sort of double them up, if you will, to create larger memory.

So that's given us some scope there. We talked to other suppliers. We are making strategic purchases. We will not relying just for that immediate demand, but it is dependent on what you can get. And we have put through price increases, and we'll continue to do that. You can see on the Compute Module 4, 4-gigabit to memory. I think that was something we reduced the price of a year ago, and we've now had to put those prices back up, and that is continuing. The outlook for memory prices, well, clearly, there is people are starting to invest in new fabs. ASML in the Netherlands, basically the go-to supplier of equipment for chip production has signaled significant increases in demand from, I think they said slightly [indiscernible] Korea and Taiwan -- well, Taiwan, obviously, for a lot of uses, but for Korea and clearly for memory production.

But there are a number of other names on the chart here that we are also engaged with in terms of conversation. So we're looking for that. Price increases inevitably will have some of that effect of probably suppressing some demand from other people, which hopefully will therefore mean availability. And so we are seeing -- we are talking to customers. We're helping customers with downsizing of their memory. A few years ago or sorry a year ago, I think the reflex reaction from a lot of people would be, well, I'm going to have 8 gigabytes. That's the biggest number on the box.

They're now thinking hard given those price increases as to whether the software that they intend to run on that board operates at 2 gigabytes, 4 gigabytes of a stretch. And we're certainly for our large customers, helping them with that. So I think we will see some of those effects start to percolate through. So that's the view from me, over to Eben.

So a quick update on progress -- on our progress against strategy. As I said before, this is another fantastic year for product launches. I'm going to pick out just 3 of the 13 or 14 that I think help to illustrate where we're going as a business. Firstly, we have Radio Module 2 launched midyear. This delivers turnkey wireless interfacing for our microcontroller customers, and it bridges the gap between these first-class deep embedded compute platforms, RP2040 and RP2350 and the network. It's a fantastic complement to our microcontroller products, and it's also become a very successful product in its own right. It's very much a demand-led product. It's a product that we built because our customers told us that they wanted it. And that's something we -- that we could not have done historically.

We've become much, much better as an organization over the last 5 years at listening to our customers. Next, we have Raspberry Pi 500 Plus. That's my personal favorite product in the year. It's our latest all-in-one PC, a successor to Raspberry Pi 400 and Raspberry Pi 500. It's really a love letter to our enthusiast base. Our enthusiasts, even as our enthusiast customer base has been outgrown by our industrial and embedded customer base remains incredibly important to us as an organization, both from a mission perspective and also as the primary way, one of -- still one of the primary ways in which industrial and embedded customers learn about our products.

We are our best salespeople. They are the enthusiasts who take our products with them into work. So it's a love letter to our enthusiast base. It's a love letter to the computers in the 1980s that inspired the Raspberry Pi story. And it really does demonstrate that the Raspberry Pi 5 platform really now can pull its weight in a modern client PC. Finally, we have AI Hat+2 arrived just didn't quite make it into '25, arrived just after the year-end. It's the second output of our very successful long-term collaboration with our accelerator partners at Hailo, builds on the success of the first-generation product that we launched in 2024. And for the first time, it accelerates modern AI workloads, including vision transformers for Vision AI applications and on-device large language models and visual language models.

And we'll talk in a moment about why we believe that these capabilities are very important for the future of the Raspberry Pi platform. Of course, we can only build all these amazing products because we, first of all, built an amazing team. We continue to hire into the engineering team in 2025. We added a number of new senior engineers to the silicon team, and we continue to add fantastic graduates from our long-running and very successful summer internship program. We continue to focus on retention. We did have one retiree. 2025 was another landmark year for us. It's the first year that we had somebody retire from our engineering workforce. But other than that, we had 100% retention in the engineering team. Terry, who retired, he was 71 years old. So we did manage to retain him for as long as we possibly could, but he had to go and get married.

We made targeted investments in our business development, application engineering, communications and finance and legal teams. And last but very much not least, I'm excited that Tim Mamtora joined us this month as Chief Operating -- in the new role of Chief Operating Officer. He's the former Chief Technology Officer of Imagination Technologies, and he's a long-time friend and colleague from Broadcom. I've known him for 20 years. He's an amazing individual. We'll be centralizing and formalizing a lot of our operations activity in his newly formed unit within the business, including engineering operations, manufacturing operations, supply chain and IT and cybersecurity. And really, when we do this, as we restructure the organization, we believe that we're building the architecture that will support the next phase of our growth story.

As we build the capacity to interact with our customers, we, of course, build our capacity to learn from them. I'm not going to [indiscernible] this slide, but I just thought we'd share a few examples of the sectors that our OEM customers operate in from digital signage and network gateways to retail and point of sale, smart home, industrial automation and many, many more. And as we talk to our customers, it's striking to me that across all these sectors, our customers share both common strategic concerns and emphasis on time to market and on optimizing that transition from prototype to production. They have a desire to gain access to advanced technology without carrying, without shouldering a high fixed cost base inside their organizations.

And they need to navigate an increasingly complex regulatory environment for IoT devices. And they have -- they tend to have common product aspirations, too. Many of them are looking to bring existing intelligent products to smaller form factors and lower price points. Others are looking to add intelligence and connectivity to legacy products. And they need to accomplish these things in a world where security has gone from a nice-to-have feature to a legal necessity if you want to be able to ship your IoT products. As they do this, all of these customers are confronting what we've come to call the R&D air pocket. That's the challenge of recruiting and retaining the talent required to design intelligent products to bring those products rapidly to market and to keep them in production in a rapidly changing supply environment.

We're positioning Raspberry Pi to our customers as a solution to these challenges. For our larger customers, we're doing that through the board-to-board initiative, direct engagement at the C-suite level with large industrial OEMs. And for smaller customers, we're doing this more traditional marketing activity and through enhancing our physical presence at events like Embedded World. I was at Embedded World in Nuremberg a couple of weeks ago just for a flying visit mostly to talk to DRAM vendors. But while I was there, I was struck both by the hunger for solutions to the recognition of these challenges, the hunger for solutions to them and the growing awareness of and enthusiasm for Raspberry Pi as a supplier in this area. Highlight a couple of our OEM customers. Firstly, Sixfab, they were on our stand.

We actually hosted 6 of our OEM customers on our standard embedded world. Sixfab was one of these running a Vision AI demo, an automated crowd sentiment analysis Vision AI demo. They build ruggedized industrial computers around our compute module platform. And our value proposition to companies like Sixfab is very, very simple. We provide reliable, available, embeddable general purpose compute at an attractive price point, supported by world-class software and collateral documentation collateral. Then we have ProGlove, a long-standing German industrial OEM customer who we serve through our direct-to-OEM channel. In fact we moved them from our direct to resell channel. The one of our poster children for our ability to move high-volume OEMs as OEMs go to ultra-high volume, being able to move those OEMs from the direct reseller channel to the direct to OEM channel with a corresponding improvement in our margin participation.

They build wireless gateway products for warehouse operations around our 02W, our very cost-effective 02W single board computer. Again, a very simple proposition to customers like this that we're providing them with that perfect mix of compute, interfacing and connectivity that in ProGlove's case, they were able to use to rapidly add new interactive features to an existing platform and that we back those products with long-term software support and long-term availability guarantees. We had that moment where you realize that you have fewer pieces of paper than you have slides. Let's see how we go on. A word on the Edge AI opportunity for Raspberry Pi. I think the first thing to say is, as we talk about this opportunity, we come to this opportunity from a position of enormous strength.

We are already the most popular platform for edge computing and many of our customers' workloads already have an AI flavor to them. These applications are either running on the CPU or sometimes they're accelerated by our accelerator partners, including Hailo and Sony. And we have fantastic relationships with our accelerator and model vendor partners, which we leverage over time to expand the platform performance envelope to expand the range of things that people can do with our products. There's a cluster of megatrends, I think, that help to define and underpin what this edge AI opportunity looks like. Frontier models in the cloud, they're hugely efficient and they're hugely capable. But when if you choose to build your -- if you're trying to build an intelligent IoT application and you try to build that on top of those cloud AI platforms, what you're building into your IoT application is you're building in latency, you're building in ongoing cost and you're building in a dependency on the availability of the network, which translates inherently into [indiscernible].

Now running your -- building your IoT application on AI compute that happens at the edge of the network in contrast potentially brings with it improvements in cost structure, it brings improvements in latency and it brings resilience to network disruption alongside addressing pervasive concerns about privacy and certain concerns around regulatory compliance. What's the opportunity for Raspberry Pi here really? It is to translate our dominance in Edge Compute into a dominance in Edge AI. What's going to support us in doing this? The growing salience of low latency, particularly in applications, including robotics and the gradual reduction that we see every generation of AI technology.

We see a migration when a new innovation appears in AI, we see that innovation begin in the context of very large models running on very high-performance computers at the center of that. We certainly saw this in Vision AI. Our largest OEM customers today are Vision AI customers, the sorts of workloads they are running on Raspberry Pi at the Edge of the network today, a decade ago would have required the largest NVIDIA GPUs running on large servers at the edge of the network. Two things have happened in that decade. One, the performance of Raspberry Pi computers and performance of the devices at the edge of the network, even unaccelerated even without the assistance of our partners at Hailo and Sony, the performance of those devices increased by roughly a factor of 30.

At the same time, the compute demand models as people have refined the model architectures found ways to make those models smaller, faster and more quantized, the compute requirements of those models have come down by roughly 2 orders of magnitude. We've seen this in Vision AI. It's been an enormous enabler for the current wave of AI applications on Raspberry Pi. We expect this to happen with generative AI applications. We expect this to happen with LLMs and vision language models. We're already seeing it happen today. There's been a lot of noise recently about people running OpenClaw, about people running Agentic AI on Raspberry Pi platforms. Now the interesting thing about this first wave of agentic use on Raspberry Pi and lot of other small, slightly less low-cost computers from other companies is that all of the compute, all of the generative compute in these applications still runs at the center of network effectively.

These devices are shins, which connect the local environment to remote compute. And I think what we're going to see over time, I think the opportunity for us is by becoming first the dominant platform to run that sort of thin local -- thin local agentic AI, it positions us well to intercept the local compute opportunity as the performance of the local devices increases and as the computing demand of the models declines. A word on semiconductors. As I say, this was a crossover year for us. We sold more semiconductor devices than we sold boards for the first time. Financially, this is relatively immaterial. We are talking about $0.50 microcontrollers and $50 boards. But the vision of the business, what do we want the business to look like in 8 years' time? What do we want the business to look like a decade after the IPO? The vision is to have a 2-franchise business in which we have an electronic products business, larger than the electronic products business today, but at the same time, to have the semiconductor business grow up alongside it to become a financially [indiscernible] business.

That implies that we need to be selling at least hundreds of millions of microcontroller devices if the devices we're selling in 8 years' time are at the current ASP, we do need to be selling hundreds of millions of them to realize that ambition. And I think it's hugely significant that barely 4 years after we launched our first microcontroller, we'll be able to get to a point where we're selling more microcontrollers, more semiconductor products than we are selling [indiscernible] products. What does the road ahead look like? Continued sales growth in microcontrollers. We took -- we had good momentum in the second half of the year, took that good momentum with us into 2026. New microcontrollers and Raspberry Pi Pico products and other silicon devices.

You can split our silicon group work really into 2 clusters -- we have the cluster that generates microcontroller products, the cluster that generates products which we use ourselves and sell to third parties, and we have the products which exist purely to enhance the performance of our in-house products. In terms of the microcontroller road map, you'll see, I think, from us over the next 5 years, a regular cadence of product releases. I think we are going to be a little bit more open not today, but probably starting in 6 to 12 months, we're going to be a little bit more open with people about what that road map looks like. You're going to see a regular cadence of releases, whether those are addressing new price performance points, the 2 products, RP2040 and 2350 that we produce today sit very squarely in the center of that kind of parameter space -- you'll see us exploring new price performance points.

You'll see us trying to find new ways to integrate interfacing and connectivity options into the devices, perhaps qualifying extended operating points. We haven't indicated the desire to get involved in producing microcontrollers to the automotive market, but I think we do know what we need to do if we wanted to do that. What's the focus here? All of these things are intended to grow TAM and they're intended to grow TAM without blowing up the number of products we make. We always want to be an organization. We have to be a low mix organization.

We have technical innovations, which we believe enable us to address large parts of that parameter space with relatively small numbers of [indiscernible] then in terms of the devices that we use to make our board and modular products better, we've had huge success with RP1. This is the IO controller that we designed for the Raspberry Pi 5 platform. And I think you'll see us build on that, try to build devices which bring higher performance, richer feature sets to our board level products, obviously improved unit economics as we just place vendor margin out of the margin stack in our products.

All of these things, they deepen our competitive moats and they give us that security of supply and long-term availability. Today, when we launch a product, we communicate a desire to be able to produce that product at least into the late 2030s. We have some fantastic supplier relationships, which underpin those commitments, but there is no underpinning more powerful than knowing that you build the silicon platform yourself. A word on Raspberry Pi Connect. Really, I think one of the standout stories of 2025 historically, what does Raspberry Pi do? What is Raspberry Pi's value proposition? What is its core if you boil down our value proposition to our OEM customers. What we are doing is we are detecting things that many, many, many OEM customers do. We are doing them once. We're doing them well, and we're selling the fruits of that work to our OEM customers and making margin.

Now historically, when we've looked for things that OEM customers do, we've had a, I guess, a mental block, right? We've had a tendency to look only at the boundary of the Edge product, the physical product that we sell, whether that's the hardware or whether it's the low-level software that runs on that device. Really Raspberry Pi Connect represents us acknowledging that particularly in the Cyber Resilience Act era, our OEM customers, there are important network level pieces of software that our OEM customers need to develop in order to make our products operative, operational inside their products.

Connect launch in 2024. Last year, we had an over-the-air update capability. That's a key underpin for people wanting to comply with the cyber resilience while building their products around our hardware and software products. We added that at the end of last year, left the year with very nearly 400,000 connected devices on Connect. That number is over 500,000 units today. So still seeing very, very robust growth, both in the total number of registered devices and into the proportion of those devices that we are converting from the free tier Raspberry Pi Connect to the paying tier Raspberry Pi Connect for organizations. So an increasingly important part of our business. And then a word on outlook. As I said, we took -- saw very, very strong momentum, building momentum last year, brought that momentum with us into the start of 2026.

We have the demand creation initiatives, notably the board-to-board program, which we believe will drive continued growth through this year and beyond. In terms of supply chain, we do expect, as Richard said, that supply chain challenge in DRAM will only be decisively terminated by the addition of foundry capacity in the much then Far East. We do expect that to take time. We don't expect relief from that source this year or next, although we do believe that the relatively extreme levels of DRAM pricing we're seeing now are going to drive -- discover and drive elasticity in the market over time. Still somewhat limited visibility in the second half, but we are well provided for our density, and we do believe that we have the vendor relationships, old, long-standing and new vendor relationships required to navigate these challenges effectively.

And of course, we do like to remind people that about 1/3 of our products by volume, the classic Raspberry Pi products, the Raspberry Pi 3 and earlier and the Pico-based products either use a different supplier from. The use LPDDR2, which we have very, very large wafer level buffers or in the case of Raspberry Pi Pico products don't require SDRAM at all. So roughly 1/3 of our sales are unaffected by this dynamic. In terms of pricing outlook, we are indicating that we expect profitability to be in line with market estimates, but we are flagging that the ASP increases that we put through in the past and the ASP increases that we may need to put through later in the year are likely to lead to revenue being substantially higher than market estimates.

I'll leave you with -- I'm not going to belabor this slide either. I'll leave you with some quotes from some of our favorite OEM customers. I'd just like to take this opportunity to thank the team for all the work that's gone into getting the results ready this year, particularly also to thank Richard. This is likely to be Richard's last final results with us. He joined us in 2019, when I think the finance team was about 3 people, was instrumental in building a finance team, which was fit for purpose and obviously seen us through the IPO process and has been an extremely valued colleague and a very good friend for these last 6 or 7 years. So I'd just like to extend my personal thanks to him for everything that he's done for us. We certainly would not be where we are without his efforts. [Audio Gap].