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📈 What is it?

Market capitalization shows how much a company is currently worth on the stock market.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It helps classify companies by size (Large, Mid, Small Cap) and indicates their market presence and relative stability.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Enterprise Value represents the total cost to acquire a company — including its debt and excluding its cash reserves.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

EV gives a more complete picture of a company's value than market cap alone and is used in key valuation ratios like EV/FCF or EV/Sales.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Net Debt shows how much debt remains after subtracting a company’s available cash reserves.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It indicates how dependent a company is on borrowed money and how easily it can service its debt in the short term.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Cash represents all liquid assets a company can access immediately — including cash, bank deposits, and short-term investments.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It reflects a company’s financial flexibility and resilience — enabling investments, buybacks, or buffer in downturns.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Shares outstanding represent the total number of a company’s shares currently held by investors — excluding treasury stock.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It’s the basis for key metrics like Earnings Per Share (EPS), Market Capitalization, or the Price/Earnings ratio (P/E).

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

The P/E ratio shows how many times a company's earnings per share are reflected in its current share price — in other words, how "expensive" the stock appears relative to its profits.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

The P/E ratio is one of the most widely used valuation metrics. It helps investors assess whether a stock appears cheap or expensive compared to its earnings power.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

The P/S ratio shows how much investors are paying for $1 of the company’s revenue – regardless of profitability.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

P/S is especially useful for evaluating growth companies or businesses not yet profitable. It reflects how the market values the company’s sales.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

EV/Sales shows how much investors are paying for $1 of revenue — considering not just equity, but also debt and cash. It’s the capital structure–adjusted version of the P/S ratio.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It’s ideal for comparing companies with different levels of debt. It reflects a company's true cost relative to its revenue.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

The P/B ratio compares a company’s market value to its book value — showing how much investors are paying for each dollar of net assets.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

P/B is commonly used for asset-heavy industries like banks or industrials. It helps assess whether a stock is trading above or below its net asset value.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

The equity ratio indicates what portion of a company’s total assets is financed by shareholders’ equity – in other words, how much it relies on its own capital.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

A high equity ratio reflects financial strength and stability, especially during downturns. It’s a key indicator of a company’s solvency and long-term risk profile.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Return on equity (ROE) shows how efficiently a company uses its shareholders’ equity to generate profit. In other words: how much net income is earned per dollar of equity.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

ROE is a core profitability metric. It helps investors understand whether a company delivers attractive returns on the capital provided by its shareholders.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

ROCE measures how efficiently a company generates profits from its total capital – including both equity and interest-bearing debt.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

ROCE is ideal for comparing companies with different financing structures. It shows how well management uses capital to create value for both shareholders and creditors.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

The leverage ratio indicates how much a company relies on interest-bearing debt (such as loans and bonds) relative to its shareholders’ equity.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

This ratio helps assess a company’s financial structure and risk profile. High leverage can enhance returns – but also increases exposure to interest rate changes and financial stress.

🧮 Calculation