HDFC Bank Limited Sponsored ADR Stock

Ladies and gentlemen, good day, and welcome to HDFC Bank Limited Q2 FY '27 Earnings Conference Call on the financial results presented by the management of HDFC Bank.

[Operator Instructions]

Please note that this conference is being recorded. I now hand the conference over to Mr. Srinivasan Vaidyanathan, Chief Financial Officer, HDFC Bank. Thank you, and over to you, Mr. Vaidyanathan.

Okay. Thank you, Nirav. Good evening, and a warm welcome to all the participants. Today, we have with us Sashi, Anup and Kaizad. Without much ado, we'll get the meeting started. With Sashi, for your opening remarks first, please.

Thank you, Srini, and thank you, everyone. Let me start with the economic environment. The GDP growth in Q1 FY '27 has been better than anticipated and high performance indicators such as industrial production, strong e-way bill, cargo activity, credit growth reflects sustained momentum. Retail consumption growth has also been robust with passenger vehicles, 2-wheeler sales all growing upwards of 30-plus percentage. Even consumer durables grew at about 11% year-on-year. This augurs very well for the economy, especially with the festive season underway. The policy -- the broader policy environment has been supportive of economic activity. Alongside this, measures in the form of credit guarantee support to MSMEs have also been effective. RBI's proactive response through measures like the special FCNR (B) swap window generated record inflows, about $133 billion and helped stabilize the currency.

With that background, let's take a quick look at how the business has been shaping up. We continue to strengthen our liabilities franchise, and it has been delivering with great vigor. Deposits increased 18.8% year-on-year on a reported basis, including a 4 percentage point lift from special FCNR (B) window. As you will see in our published deck, CASA grew at about 10.8% on an overall basis. And within this, retail CASA growth was about 11.2% year-on-year compared to 9% a year ago, reflecting improving momentum. We added about 1.7 million liability relationships in the second quarter, which is 25% higher than Q1 and 33% higher than the fourth quarter of last year. Building on these new acquired relationships and deepening our existing relationships will enable the liabilities engine to step up further in the coming days even as we keep adding newer relationships at a rapid pace.

The asset side of the balance sheet also continued to get stronger. Total AUM grew 15.3% year-on-year, including a 1.9% impact of FCNR (B) leverage, with SME and retail assets leading the charge. The pace of retail disbursements is accelerating and has crossed INR 90,000 crores during Q2 FY '27 as against INR 76,000 crores in Q1 of this year. Growth has been balanced across all lines, whether it's personal loans, the wheels business, gold and agri and other MSME business as well. This is also reflected in the rising growth trend in EOP loan book, especially for retail assets ex agri, September '26 annual growth is about 11.2% compared to 9.1% as of June '26 and 7.4% as of March '26.

New credit card issuances at 1.4 million have grown by nearly 19% quarter-on-quarter, indicating the expansion of the growth runway. On the MSME and mid-market business, growth momentum is also improving rapidly. September '26 EOP loan growth has grown 23.5% year-on-year compared to 17% to 18% year-on-year growth levels seen in the last few quarters. Of course, this quarter, we have the ECLGS 5.0 scheme that also created significant opportunities we successfully leveraged. Our ECLGS disbursals of INR 41,000 crores were highest across all banks. And as of August 26, when the scheme achieved targeted levels. What's driving this momentum? Since May of 2026, the entire retail and MSME business and channel supervisory architecture across the country have been focusing on daily operating rigor across frontline, the credit and operations and service verticals, all working from one view across products and across all channels to ensure a same-day, same time resolution of delivery of products and services, queries and complaints as well.

The focus has been on digital adoption and straight-through processing, which is moving up significantly. The turnaround times on product deliveries have come down anywhere between 10% and 15% in a short span of time, while service delivery TATs have come down by 30% during the quarter, which means the frontline can touch more customers within the same work hours. This is reflected in the customer visits per resource per day going up significantly compared to the prior quarter, almost up by about 50%. This has -- this will have an impact on growth, and that's pretty much reflected in the early signs that we have seen on the momentum. For example, the savings accounts per branch per day have gone up by 19% in the last few months in -- between Q2 and Q1. Core incremental deposits per branch per day is up 2.3x from Q1. Sometimes, of course, extraordinary one-off outflows may mask this underlying momentum, but at some point in time, this will start to reflect as we move forward.

Daily disbursal run rate of key retail and MSME products are up by 10% to 20% versus the prior quarter. Our asset quality remains pristine with GNPA at 1.11%, 13 basis points lower than year-on-year. Credit costs remained low at 44 basis points. The risk weights total assets at 69%. Our industry-leading asset quality metrics reflect the top quartile credit quality choices we have consistently made. The bank's well-balanced performance translated to ROA of 1.8%, which has been the range that we have been there for a very long time and quarterly PAT of INR 19.5 billion (sic) [ INR 195 billion ], which is a growth of 12.7% approximately if you exclude the trading gains.

We have a solid platform to reap -- sorry. On technology, I would like to spend some time. HDFC Bank has always incorporated cutting-edge technologies into its operations, and we are now bringing AI into the heart of how the bank operates. In the quarter gone by, we introduced applications and apps and features in various areas that will help enhance customer experience and protection. In the area of digital safety for customers, we introduced H-Security, very mindful of the fact that a lot of our citizens in the country are being subjected to digital frauds. I think this is going to be a game changer in terms of cutting-edge technology that we can offer to customers. A unified protection stack and tools like Kavach and Secure Lock.

We launched several apps to increase customer convenience, including product journeys, AI conversational banking and AI collections bot that helps customers stay repayment ready. We also strengthened our real-time fraud prevention capabilities as well.

As my long innings at HDFC Bank come to an end, I would like to say that it has been an absolute privilege to lead this organization that brings together some of the most brilliant minds in over 200,000 extremely committed and focused professionals. A cutting-edge technology, a solid brand that binds the 100 million customers and the collective zeal to consistently deliver top-class results for all our stakeholders. While leaving this organization is an emotional moment for me personally, I take comfort the fact that I'm leaving behind a solid platform, which has demonstrated strength and resilience to navigate regulatory embargoes and unprecedented COVID event, a large complex merger when the economic outlook warranted monetary tightening and other governance matters of the recent past having been settled completely.

A platform where we invested over the past few years in rearchitecting and reinforcing our technology from the core to AI layer, ready to be harnessed in our product and service deliveries. A distribution strength which will deliver as the vintage of branches mature and optimism stemming from the fact that the net interest margins, which is -- which in recent times has borne the brunt of faster repricing of assets and a lag in cost of funds in a down rate cycle is also positioned for a reversal as we upward rate cycle -- as we enter the upward rate cycle. This will get further enhanced as the proportion of retail and MSME assets outweigh the proportion of corporate and home loans over a period of time.

I'm sure that the bank will keep scaling greater heights, which will be a matter of immense pride for all of us. I'll also leave behind the hands of an able team spread across various levels in the organization throughout the country, led by a new and an able leader, and I welcome Anup at this juncture heartily to the institution as well. Thank you for all the support over all these years, and I wish you and families a very happy Dussehra and festivities, and I'm sure you will continue to provide the same kind of support and affection that all of you have showered on us over these 30 years to the new leadership team and take it to its rightful glory over a period of time.

Thank you so much.

Thank you. Thank you, Sashi, for that very passionate and a good recount of recent and the decades that you have served the bank. Thank you very much for all of that.

Now we have with us today, Anup. We are delighted to have you, sir, here with us. Welcome, and over to you for a few sentences that you want to share.

Thank you. Thank you, Sashi. Thank you, Srini. Thank you, Kaizad. I'm really grateful to the Board for the trust placed in me as MD and CEO. I look forward to working with the Board, Chairman, leadership team and colleagues across the bank and the group to build on the group's very strong foundation. It is indeed a privilege and a responsibility I hold with deep respect. The group's rich legacy, market leadership and reputation within India's financial ecosystems are exceptional. I thank Sashi for his impactful 6-year leadership, successfully navigating the post-pandemic phase, completing the landmark HDFC Limited merger, scaling our branch network and strengthening the core technology capabilities. The clear long-term goal is to deliver sustainable long-term value for shareholders, employees and clients.

In the near term, I will engage with regulators, customers, shareholders and other stakeholders to gather insights that will be a key input to our organizational priorities. As macroeconomic dynamics evolve and AI technology and digital infrastructures accelerate, we'll focus on capturing these opportunities with prudence and discipline. I will soon present a perspective on growth, margins, quality and productivity built on disciplined capital deployment and a strong execution culture grounded in governance, excellence and trust. I look forward to all your support.

Over to you, Srini.

Thank you, Anup, for that, and welcome again, hearty welcome again. We look forward to, as an organization, partnering and delivering all that you drive to. Thank you.

With that, Nirav, let's open it up for question and answers, please.

[Operator Instructions]

First question is from the line of Mahrukh Adajania from Tara Capital Partners.

Congratulations, Anup. I had a few questions on the results. Firstly, Sashi, you did outline the various efforts and progress you've made on retail deposits, savings, core deposits. So when do you see the proportion of retail deposits inching up now? Because it's come off a bit over the last few quarters. So when do you see that proportion inching up? That's my first question.

And then my second question is that you do have a sizable agri book. There have been droughts. So any impact you see either on your small business loans or on your agri/agri-related loans from that?

And my third question is for Anup. I know it's early days. But if at all, he sees any strategy changes in HDFC Life?

Okay. Let me answer the first part of it, Mahrukh. As I had mentioned, the kind of rigor that the institution is undertaking in terms of building better customer interactions and engagement and trying to step up new account acquisitions. The fact of the matter is a lot of our distribution, which has doubled over the last 5 years, will start to mature as we move to the next 5 years. The fact of the matter is that we are trying to enable a lot of product and service delivery journeys, which can help in having a one-click experience, including on bundling of products depending on the needs of the customer. All this in the -- from a foundation and structural perspective is going to have a massive impact as we move forward.

As I mentioned as well, sometimes you do have some amount of extraordinary outflows that happen, whether it is -- because as you say, in retail, we mean at the branch banking level, there could be at the catchment, some amount of small MSME customers or government deposits or some of the inherited deposits such as what we had in the past, some leverage FCNR (B), old FCNR (B) leverage deposits or the -- some of the deposits that we inherited from the erstwhile HDFC Limited. This quarter, we did have a kind of an outflow of some of these large deposits in multiple such segments, which I've just alluded to, which is actually masking it. So in reality, this is -- you will see at some point in time when some of these extraordinary outflows sort of become smaller, you will start the momentum coming about very well.

I think in the presentations that we are -- which the team has displayed, you will see the productivity of the branches, which is deposits per branch continues to be very healthy and probably best-in-class in the banking system. Now as I'm sure, Anup, in his next weeks or a couple of months' time, will unveil his strategy. And one of the things is how do we create less pressure on the system to minimize the intake or inflow of corporate liabilities and then ensure. So these are some of the things that will be a part and parcel of his thought process as he unveils to the world at large, including yourselves in probably a month's time or so.

So fundamentally, the institution is extremely strong. The distribution is very strong. The rigor is very, very strong in the right direction. So the core -- underlying core momentum is very encouraging that should sort of reflect in a very strong momentum as we move forward. Because our balance sheet is extremely large, and the fact of the matter is we have a good demand across segments, whether it's corporate, whether it's MSME or retail, the need to pick up some of these non-retail liabilities is given. I think as we restructure and have alternate strategies on the balance sheet, including some amount of nondeposit strategies, I think we probably will have the proportion of retail becoming larger and larger, and it will have a kind of a downstream impact on multiple metrics as well.

Thank you, Sashi. Like I said, Mahrukh, in the near term, I will engage with the regulators, customers, shareholders and all other stakeholders to gather insights, and that will be the key input into our organizational priorities. I think the team here is very, very strong. And we are aware of the general strategic imperatives that are required. Sashi spelled it out, and I'll come back to you -- all of you soon on those.

On the agri piece, I would like Kaizad to just step in.

Yes. So on the agriculture piece, I think we are all aware that we have had a shortfall in the monsoon, which has been also not very uniform given the Peninsula as well as Northern India. Having said that, the actual sowing for the kharif season has more or less remained constant with a marginal decrease of about 1.5% or 2%. So it's not had that kind of impact where the sowing is concerned. And consequently, if we look through that, one would believe that the crop, therefore, should have the output, give or take a variance of about 3% to 5%.

As of now, as of September, compared to June, our gross NPA on agri has remained largely constant. We have not seen any signs of concern or deterioration. It has held steady. And we will observe the situation as it unfolds. But as I said, what is encouraging is that the sowing has largely been about 108 million or 109 million hectares, which is just a marginally lower level than previous year.

Okay. The book growth has also moderated well at this time. It's still not in a double-digit growth or single-digit growth considering all of the...

Next question is from the line of Kunal Shah from Citi.

Congratulations, Anup. And thanks Sashi for all the interactions over the years. So firstly, with respect to margins, again, margins are down to 3.32%. So when we look at it, in fact, the corporate book growth is not as substantial sequentially as we see with the other banks. But the impact on NIMs for us has almost been similar in terms of the quantum, which -- maybe compared to the banks which have been growing faster on the corporate side. So what is ideally leading to this? And the related question is on interest expense side, particularly this time, there is a sequential uptick in the absolute term, okay? And it appears like the cost of funds have actually gone up quite significantly sequentially, at least when we do the average of period end. So what is actually driving that cost further up?

I can take that. One is coming on the interest expense side. You will see that the cost of funds is flat quarter-to-quarter at about 4.4% last quarter to this quarter. Sequentially, it has remained flat. Ideally, we would have expected that to be better, better means lower. It didn't because of the mix of the FCNR deposits that came in. So if you look at the deposit growth that we have had at INR 1.57 trillion, almost INR 1.3 trillion is a growth in time deposit. So that outweighs from an overall cost mix point of view and has offset the kind of a repricing on any of the back book that was coming in. So that is why the cost of funds is flat.

And also one other aspect that in the cost of funds that you see is also some relief from the AT1 bonds that were called in August on the callable date. So that was a relief, but then that relief was also through others because we did have a borrowing for our leverage. So we did have that borrowing offset that. So that is why you see at an aggregate level, the cost of fund remained flat. That means the numerator by the denominator, you're looking at perhaps only the numerator of interest expense. But when you look at both, it's 4.4%, which is on one of those pages, which is published there.

The second aspect of it that you asked about is the mix of the corporate bank. Yes, sequentially, the corporate bank has grown 2.8% in this quarter. Year-on-year, it is about 16.4%, which you are seeing in one of those pages, Page 10 or something that you're seeing. But if you're asking about how that mix will evolve over a period of time, I think both Sashi had mentioned it, but Kaizad, you want to take that to say?

Yes, sure. So if you've seen the slide, which is there already in the investor deck, you've seen how we have brought back the entire retail space. And I talked about it in April and then again in July on responding to questions as to where do you see growth coming from and what's going to be the focus area. So I think if you look at that chart, it clearly shows you that year-on-year from 7.9% or 8% in a year, we have grown that to 12%. And we've grown also business banking significantly out over there, which consists of the MSME largely. And that has -- if I take just the business banking component, it has grown very handsomely at 28%.

This, of course, has been supported by the fact what Sashi mentioned that we had the benefit of the ECLGS 5, where the bank did obtain the leadership position, and we had the significant coverage, which aided the substantial growth going into the 28% year-on-year. So you will see the retail, which has come back in the last year and certainly in the last 3 quarters. You will see business banking continuing to grow. We see the momentum there. We are seeing it in the economy and the mid MSME is certainly doing well out there.

Coming to the corporate side, we have a significant presence across corporate and a good footprint. It's not that we will not grow corporate. I think we've grown it at about 16.5%, 17%. Other players have been a couple of percentage more, but we continue to approach it with a good mix of working capital term and project finance so that we have a good build in the portfolio. as well as we are cognizant of the returns on the portfolio. So I hope I've given you along with the charts, how we have evolved and what we had said. And I think this is a journey that will continue where we will participate both in the investment part of the cycle of the economy as well as on the consumption side.

Yes, absolutely. So I understand maybe the question was particular, I do appreciate the traction on retail and SME and even within the corporate, we are cognizant of the overall mix. The only question was maybe why still our margin decline is similar to what other players are, why we are not outperforming even on a low base compared to where the other players are. The decline in margins for us is almost similar. So that's the only question here.

So I think you will see change because there is a large amount of the back book, which comes into play in retail. Typically, given that retail, most products are up to 4 years and therefore, about 20% to 30% of the book runs off every year, you are seeing the back book effect play itself out. And therefore, I think going forward, across the next 2 quarters, you will see that change coming through as we also grow the volumes in retail and MSME.

Next question is from the line of Rikin Shah from IIFL Capital.

I had a couple of questions. So first one, I wanted to understand how are you deploying the FCNR funds? How much of it will be used to retire wholesale borrowings? And at what incremental yields are you able to lend or invest in the money markets until you find the loan deployment opportunities? So that's the first one.

Yes. Rikin, maybe I should go ahead. Rikin, the FCNR deposits, you can take it as deployed because we do need to deploy it as soon as possible. That is why you will get the benefit of the ANBC in the following cycle for comparison for PSL purposes. So it's not just about getting an FCNR deposit. The FCNR deposit needs to be deployed to get that benefit of PSL. So it has largely happened because money is fungible, as you know that. You can -- you don't need to mark, identify, tag this with that. But overall, at an aggregate level, we did have a deposit growth of INR 1,57,000 crores, and we had a loan growth of INR 1,58,000 crores in this quarter. So you can take it that the sources and users are largely matched within the quarter.

Got it, Srini. The second one is on margins, right? So I mean, directionally, I do understand where the trend can look like. But specifically in the next quarter, I mean, with full quarter FCNR impact on your cost of funds, how do you think the margins move? I mean the cost of funds have started to move up. So directionally, what happens in the next quarter for you in margin because the repo increase, which has happened, that pass-through may happen only from 4Q onwards in your P&L. And an extension to that is if you could just share the split of your loan book in terms of repo, MCLR and fixed, please.

I'll start and Sashi, if you want to jump in, you do that. One is that the floating rate book is approximately 70% of the total book. And so the 25 basis points change that has happened in October should largely be factored in by December. Not for full quarter, for part of the quarter, it should be factored in. So that's one. So there's a tailwind coming from the rate change that will be positive. The full quarter impact of the FCNR will be a headwind that will offset, but I don't want to call it a headwind that is part of how the businesses are structured to operate. There will be some funding that will come and the choices that we make. And so there will be an offset to that through that process.

So net of that, we still think that there can be neutral to positive on the margin as we go forward. And I don't want to get to whether what is the next quarter and the following quarter and so on. But from a trajectory point of view, I think that it is at the bottom and we will start to -- you want to add something?

No, perfect. I think you have answered that. The trajectory will be upward from the next quarter onwards.

Next question is from the line of Parag Thakkar from Fort Capital.

Hello, am I audible?

Yes, sir. Go ahead.

Yes. First of all, I would like to congratulate Sashi sir, and Kaizad sir also and great welcome to Mr. Anup Bagchi. And I'm a core, hard well-wisher of the bank, and so I wish you all the best.

So my basic question was, one is definitely that because of the rate cycle itself, I think -- for almost all banks, I think Q2 should be the bottom of the margins, right? That is what you alluded to, right? Q2 margin is a bottom for us also, right? Like for all banks because repo rate hike cycle has already started.

Yes, by all account, Parag, that is what we were alluding to say that the rate cycle having already kicked in earlier in October, that is a good tailwind on repricing 70% of the loans which are floating. Large part of that is repo and some of that is other methods, but then mostly it is repo. So it has already kicked in. And by December, it should be in. So I don't want to give you exactly how much and what and how it moves. But directionally, yes.

Yes. So it should start improving from Q3 itself, right? That is something which I think everybody wants to know because all our peer banks are also hinting at that.

I mean, I don't know if you're asking for one number, that's not something that...

No, not number, not numbers, not number. From Q3 onwards, it will be an uptick from Q2, right? That is what I'm asking for.

Right. These are the items that are in play, positives and the headwinds will be some full quarter impact of whatever has come through in Q2.

Okay. And as Kaizad sir also highlighted that already we have seen -- started the growth in business banking, gold loans, personal loans and such areas where the yield on advances are slightly higher. And while the corporate growth versus peers was slightly calibrated in this quarter itself. So can we think like that and now that is the trajectory to increase our margins going ahead because that is what others have also done and demonstrated without compromising asset quality. And for example, yesterday, PNB result I saw that they reduced the lower-yielding advances by INR 58,000 crores in the quarter. And they gave it to places where there was a higher yield. And that is how they were able to improve their Q-o-Q margins by 8 bps. So something like that can be the trajectory going ahead for HDFC Bank also?

You have to look at it in a more wholesome manner. This is not something where on a quarter-on-quarter basis, you keep shifting the goalpost. There are relationships which you, as a bank, have to value and nature and for a 10 basis points more in a portfolio or thereabout, you don't walk away. So -- having said that, yes, there is a clear move as already demonstrated, and I referred to it a little earlier while responding to a question. You will see us having certainly come back with more vigor on our retail assets and MSME space.

And some of those products within retail assets give you sometimes the same return as some of your products in wholesale banking. So it's not to generalize it with one brush. So there are certain products in consumer bank, which give you a higher yield. And we will take a calibrated approach in getting a little larger market share in those products whilst keeping our presence across each of our business segments that we operate in.

Thank you, Kaizad. One other point I do want to mention, Parag, for you to note, it's there in the detailed disclosures in our 20-F, which -- where you will see the return on assets by broad segments, whether it is a wholesale segment or retail segment, the return on asset is very similar and comparable. And the reason is there will be certain products with high margin, some products with low margin. And then it compensates itself through cost dynamics, which are going in the opposite direction of what the margin offers.

And similarly, the credit cost dynamics also operates in the opposite direction of what the margin provides so that the return at the end of the day, the return on asset when you look at it is comparable. And as Kaizad said, to the extent that it is about relationship building from a returns, both ROA and ROE, it would be appropriate to have the right mix there, yes.

Next question is from the line of Piran Engineer from CITIC Securities.

Congrats to Mr. Bagchi...

Piran, sorry to interrupt. Your voice is not clear. Can you speak through the handset, please?

Yes, is it better now?

Yes. Thank you.

So just my first question to you is on MCLR. Now in the last rate cycle, HDFC Bank cut their MCLR much more than ICICI and Axis. Just wanted to understand the reasons behind that and in a rate hike cycle, could we expect the same?

There are several nuances on MCLR. It operates on certain rate dynamics that exist on the last day of the prior period, not necessarily representative of a month or a quarter or anything. So such nuances are there, right? You operate with day's data when you look forward and do. The second thing is also that MCLR also has got a component of the cost. You know that our cost to assets is at about 1.74%, 1.73% thereabouts, which again is low. And similarly, the credit cost also plays into the dynamics of determining what the MCLR is. Having given you all of this theory of what MCLR is, the proportion of our book that is priced to MCLR is miniscule single digit.

Understood. Okay. So you're saying you factor in the credit cost also or the outlook on credit cost also? Sorry, am I audible?

Yes, go ahead.

Okay. Got it. And my second question is really on asset quality. Now we have seen slippages improve on a Y-o-Y basis for the last 4, 5 quarters. Just wanted to understand, is it really a function about loan mix changing towards corporate? Or is it more a function that in each cohort, we are seeing better slippage outcomes?

Yes. We are seeing better across most of those portfolios on the slippages. So it's not mixed. That's why if you look at Page 19 that we produce, we just don't do ratios. We also put numbers. We just put absolute value of slippages where you see that, right? So yes, if you look at the percentages, then the denominator of a low risk or a highly rated book could weigh, but you're looking at an absolute number there, which you see on Page 19. So it's a combination of -- across all of those books that contributes to that slippages. And the credit environment has also been benign for a long time and continues to be benign.

Next question is from the line of Chintan from Autonomous.

Firstly, congratulations to Sashi, Srini and Kaizad for a long successful career at HDFC, and I'm sure the next chapter will be equally fascinating for you. And congrats to Anup for the new role. My question would be as kind of Anup comes into the role, what would be your guidance to him in terms of, with hindsight, what were maybe 1 or 2 or 3 mistakes that have happened over the last 3 to 5 years. And I wouldn't say a mistake per se, hindsight is a cruel reviewer. But with hindsight, what could have been done differently? And what would you recommend Anup does differently? Would love to be a fly on the wall of that conversation.

And then my second question would be on pricing policy. I think when we started the last cycle, say, '22 when we had a big credit boom, the industry and perhaps you as well, probably assume that CASA ratio will come back for the industry, and it just hasn't come back. So all the calculations you do in terms of anticipating ROEs for future business probably has been out of that for the full industry. You have many a times highlighted that pricing has been irrational in the market. Do you think that on the current spreads that the industry is making, the industry is able to make an ROE above cost of equity? Or there is a need for industry to think about repricing its cost of funds into its customer spreads?

You want me to start and, yes, Chintan, thank you for that. I'll start and then I think the others will join in. Your question of whether the cost of funds opportunity through better CASA mix, is it capped at this stage due to whatever customer behavior and market situation? I don't believe so. I'm not going to talk about the industry as a whole, but I'm going to talk about our bank. For our bank with the distribution that we have done and with the statistical models that we see in terms of how it progresses through the maturity model, we do think that the space to get more customers, more balances, increase the market share in certain of the districts out of the 765 districts that we are in, more than 54% of the districts, a significant opportunity exists because we are 2 to 3 percentage points lower than our average market share in those markets, right? So those are nascent branches.

And so when you look at whether household deposits do exist in those markets, right? So that's what you go to look for. You may have a market share opportunity. But is it household deposits? Yes, it is the household deposits that are available in those markets to take. And if you look at the companies or the banks that are there, currently incumbent banks which are there, these are some legacy banks which are there, who have been ceding market share over time, and we are confident of continuing to impress upon those customers to get to us. So I just want to leave the thought saying that it's not a saturated play, but at least the statistical model shows that there is a space there.

See, when you -- if you really look at it, probably it's not in the public domain as yet. But when we split the deposits into retail and non-retail. And you look at the retail CASA ratio, it's a very healthy number. It is in the late 40s, and that's been a kind of an average, which is pretty much stable over a long period of time. It's just that the balance sheet is so large. And the fact of the matter is that over the last 3 years, we have had to substitute the borrowing maturities of the erstwhile HDFC Limited, which is almost nearing about INR 2.6 lakh crores, which necessitated the institution to take more time deposits, substituting that.

So effectively, the -- apart from that, as we have all of us seen and as you have alluded as well, the incremental accretion to low-cost current and savings accounts in the system is becoming smaller and smaller due to the fact that there is a structural shift that is happening in the household savings behavior. Now when you put all this together, structurally, I think this is going to be an issue in the system over a period of time. But having said that, which Anup and team will unveil it in the near future, there may be certain structural adjustments that one may have to do on a -- not just on a onetime basis, but maybe on a continuous basis on the balance sheet side, which will ensure that we continue to have patronized core retail deposits.

And he will find alternate ways of trying to see how to keep the funding requirements to the bare minimum, which is far more affordable and far more -- which does not stretch the system, which will necessitate us to take on high-cost liabilities and hence, the CASA ratio may be protected in future. These are all blue-skying thoughts since you mentioned that this is something that -- what is it that one would need to do. But having said that, why conjecture that, Anup is here. I mean he will probably talk to you all in about a month's time to both the sell and buy-side analysts. And that, as I said, I'm sure you will hear from him directly, but give him some time. Thank you.

Next question is from Nitin Aggarwal from Motilal Oswal.

Yes, I would like to firstly thank Sashi, Kaizad and Srini for the valuable leadership and all the insightful interactions all these years. And also congrats, Anup, and convey my best wishes for the journey ahead.

So first question is on the manpower requirement, if I look at HDFC Bank over the last 3 years, our employee base has been the same, which is partly in a way -- the way the trend has been for the all private banks to some extent. But how do you look at like trend over the next 2, 3 years? Will the operating leverage, will the gains from digitization continue to drive a similar trend? Or you see some changes happening to the employee hiring run rate over the coming years?

Nitin, you will be risking asking me this question, and I hope I don't put Anup in a spot. But having said that, the view I have is I think the technology investments is on the cusp of being harnessed much more than what we had. I think it's coming out of the investment phase. So that's part one. And that's pretty much reflected in the fact that a fair amount of our product and service journeys are becoming far more straight through, which means that the turnaround times for the deliveries of products and services has been coming down, which means that the capacities are increasing.

The way I see it is that as we see the adoption move up, as we see the overlay of AI on top of these applications becoming far more mature, the need for enabler functions, whether it is, firstly, the business enabler functions, whether it's the operations or the credit verticals and maybe in future, the corporate enabler functions, will not need to have that kind of a capacity in their verticals in future. But having said that, we are still about 11% to 12% of the market, which means that the runway for growth is massive. And so -- and we have said this in the past, and I continue to believe, and I'm sure Anup will also sort of look at these aspects. We believe there would be a kind of a mix change in our employee composition.

We'll have more and more people in the frontline customer-facing roles, and we have lesser and lesser people in the back end. So -- and maybe there will be some who will move on to technology as well because technology investments are going to be extremely intense and large going forward. As we see the -- that kind of a transition that keeps happening, and which is still some more time to go, I believe the institution will try to maintain the staff count and try and move more and more people to the front line.

But there will be an inflection point. The fact of the matter is when the opportunity is pretty large, they will start to hire incrementally even in the front line and maybe at some point in time, even at the back end. So I think India is going to be blessed and so will the institution, whoever adopts the digitization and AI in a very significant manner. I would say that this would be the trajectory where it will remain flat and probably it will start to increase over maybe 3, 4 years' time. Anup, he says that he's also on the same page. So I will now ask him as an investor from like you all.

Sure. Sure, Sashi.

Nitin, one thing, don't lose the sight that if you look at our resources headcount addition, you're talking about last 1 year or 2 years, where it is modest. And so any growth that we have had over a 1-year period, which is a 15% or over a 2-year period, when you look at it, probably still in double digit, that is fully productivity realizing. But when you look at a longer period, let's say take a 5- or a 6-year period, we have added 10% compounded annual rate of growth on headcount, 10% we have added. And we have got volumes, which are like high teens, 18%, 19%, thereabout, which means we realized productivity, which was single digit when you look at a long period. In the recent period, double-digit productivity. So more room there to realize the productivity there. That's what you're saying. And there are tools that you talked about that will give. But even without tools, the productivity is still in store to be realized there.

Right. Got that. And the other question is on the liabilities because I believe that liabilities accretion is something that has the most important because even this quarter, if you see the LCR ratio, CD ratio, this is a quarter wherein banks benefited from FCNR deposits, but these ratios have still not moved in the right direction. So like can we really rely on to the branch productivity metrics that we have historically seen over the long period in a very changing market environment? There are banks who are not investing in as many branches, but playing on rates probably and generating pretty healthy liability accretion. So what all, say, initiatives, what are levers can we pull to accelerate liability growth over the coming years? So again, this question is open both to you, Sashi and Anup.

So don't go by a quarter phenomena, Nitin. The fact of the matter is I alluded to it as well. Whilst the underlying momentum is very encouraging, unfortunately, you had some large one-off outflows, which was not within our control, some planned, some unplanned as well. So -- which necessitated the institution to take resort to some of the non-retail deposits, which have a lesser LCR cover and which is the reason why you're not seeing commensurate improvement in the LCR ratios.

But the institution is seized, and I'm sure that over a period of next couple of quarters, you will see a strategic thought process as to what one would like to do and what they will be doing in terms of not only ensuring that the core liability momentum continues in a strong manner to what are the balance sheet adjustments one needs to do to ensure that the LCR coverage is also very healthy. Mind you, whilst you're looking at an LCR, there is something which -- there's another metric called liquidity may not be visible to you all, but the institution's liquidity is extremely comfortable and probably slightly more in terms of comfort -- more than comfortable.

So I just want to leave that thought to the larger world and the audience that a low LCR does not mean a low liquidity. The liquidity is extremely comfortable. But having said that, we hear you, and you will see a kind of a thought process in the near future from Anup and team on what they are planning to do in improving core liability momentum and the LCR glide path as well.

Next question is from the line of Ankit Bihani from Nomura.

So I had a question on LCR again. So at this level now we are at 113%. So will this become a constraint on your incremental loan growth going ahead, if the deposit mobilization remains relatively weak. And further, towards the FCNR thing, we have still seen HDFC Bank be quite active in the CD market. Why is it so? And given that what I understand is that certificate of deposits are kind of LCR positive given that their runoff is 100% on the month they are maturing. So if you could shed some light on that.

And my second question is on the draft insurance norms. Any analysis that we have done, what could be the impact on our bank assurance income there?

And the third is on the PSL front. So we have seen on the SMF side, the shortfall has widened. So what are we doing to address that?

First is the LCR question, yes, we would like to operate between 110% and 120%, which we have told you over the last few years, somewhere probably in the middle 115%. Yes, we are at 113% or so. That's part of how time to time space on growth that one has to use. The regulatory standard is 100%. But we do operate -- want to operate between 110% and 115%. Yes, we do need to keep that at that kind of a level for us to keep growing. So that's one. Your thought process and assumption that we do need to use that as an important kind of a floor somewhere around that level so that we get -- we are able to grow is correct.

The next question you asked is about the PSL. CD issuance is that's part of what the market opportunities exist. And Sashi alluded to certain outflows that we manage, replace one large ticket with another large ticket. And so if you look at our total deposits, branch-driven deposits is at about 80% or so of the total, which is on one of those pages that we have published, you will see that. So within that, whatever the churn that happens has happened. And again, we'll be opportunistic to take whatever is available at a price that is suitable there.

The third one was relating to -- draft insurance policy that is there. As you know, it is still in a draft form calling for comments by end of -- sometime in November, I think, is due. The comments are due. Once that settles, we will know where it is. But one thing. Yes, indeed, the cut down in the commission rates is quite high. There are 3 other things that one need to work with to see as soon as we know where the commission rate settles. One is what kind of a persistency pickup it will provide. So that could be kind of a positive effect to that. The other one could be this whole exercise of better commission rates. So thereby, lower cost of insurance is the goal. It is not about the commission. It is about how does the end consumer have a cost of insurance, which is low, which means higher levels of participation, which means more volumes. That's the second thing.

And the third thing is, of course, the cost structure itself, right? One has to address some of the commission structures are changing, we'll have to address it through some cost structures too, right? So in terms of what do you have in terms of certain programs that we could combine and bring some efficiency there, both on our side as well as the manufacturer side, we need to work on that because there is also expense of management targets there. And for us also when the commission goes, we will look at our structure of what we spend, particularly certain variable related. So we do have certain levers to work. But yes, in its current form, when you look at only the commission, it is pretty strong, pretty high impact.

And on the PSL, the question on PSL.

See, PSL, our PSL is at about -- achievement is at the aggregate level about 50% or so. So at aggregate level, we are quite okay. The place where we always scramble around to make it is the last 2 miles on the small and marginal and weaker section that they have a dual qualification. The small and marginal farmer, to the extent it's available, we are there to take either originate organically in our book or buy it in the market. It's very scarce. It's not available. The cost is high, right? And that's true.

And we are in the market to buy, and we are short by a few percentage points. We are trying to address it in whatever way we can. But to the extent it's available. And if you have anything, your organization is -- can broker to sell, we'll be happy to buy.

Ladies and gentlemen, we will take that as the last question. I'll now hand the conference over to Mr. Vaidyanathan for closing comments.

Yes. Thank you, Nirav. Sashi, over to you for final remarks.

Yes. So as we were in the call, I think the world would have just got another notification to the exchanges that a dear colleague, Kaizad, has requested for early retirement by end of December. I would like to sort of really place on record this wonderful contribution of Kaizad to the institution. He's been a founding member, he's been the -- one of the key architects of the USP of the institution, which is a credit architecture and then moving on to a fair amount of areas of business now handling the entire asset side of the balance sheet.

It's going to be a big loss to the institution. But obviously, he has done it in -- for the right intentions and for the love of this institution. I think we'll all miss him, but my best wishes to him and his family for such a wonderful stint at the institution. Thank you, Kaizad, and thank you. Very best to you.

Thank you, Sashi.

Thank you very much.

Thank you. With that, we'll sign off. And any other questions, comments or other inputs that you all need, please reach out to our Investor Relations team, and we'll be happy to join and participate with you to discuss. Thank you. Bye-bye.

Thank you. On behalf of HDFC Bank Limited, that concludes this conference. Thank you for joining us, and you may now disconnect your lines. Thank you.

Ladies and gentlemen, good day, and welcome to HDFC Bank Limited Q1 FY '27 Earnings Conference Call on the financial results presented by the management of HDFC Bank. [Operator Instructions] Please note that this conference is being recorded.

I now hand the conference over to Mr. Srinivasan Vaidyanathan, Chief Financial Officer, HDFC Bank. Thank you, and over to you, Mr. Vaidyanathan.

Thank you, Nirav. Good evening, and warm welcome to all the participants. We have today with us our CEO, Sashi Jagdishan; and our Deputy MD, Kaizad Bharucha.

I'll hand off the call to Sashi, and then we can take it forward from there.

Thank you, Srini, and thank you all for joining in on this investor call for the Q1 results for FY 2027. As you know, we've had a very -- we navigated this during this period, certain challenges over the last 4 months. Our people have kept steadfast focus on customer needs and build -- further build the franchise. It's been a very tough period, but I really am proud of them, and thank you to each one of them who really stood behind in continuing the strength and resilience of the institution. We've had a very -- I also sincerely thank the Board for their guidance and more so Keki Mistry for chairing as the Interim Chairman during this period.

I also heartily welcome our new Chairman, Rajiv Kumar. We look forward to taking the franchise to the next growth stage. With the appointment of Mr. Rajiv Kumar, there is a sense of stability and a clear signal to minimize uncertainties in a very short time period.

Coming to some of the accomplishments in Q1. The deposit growth continues to be relatively better than the historical Q1 trends. We continue to gain market share, both on an incremental basis and on a stock basis as well. Our productivity at the branch continues to move up, and we realize benefits of the investments that we've done over the last 5, 6 years.

Advances, as we had mentioned -- envisioned a while ago, I think we are on the verge of pressing the pedal. As you have seen, the advances have done very well over the last 3, 4 quarters, and that continues -- the trajectory continues. We are focusing on certain customer segments for more -- to manage more longer-term opportunities.

Our focus now, as I may have mentioned in the past and also in our annual report, we are trying to take customer service to a different level, especially in focusing on the turnaround time of our product and service offerings. We are now measuring it at a more granular level across the length and breadth of the country. We are reimagining our digital journeys and analytics so that we are able to have new levels of adoption. That should sort of bring in a fair amount of efficiencies in the quarters to come.

As regards to environment, we see our policy responses have been very timely and effective. This is -- there is a very healthy credit demand that we are seeing in the system, as we speak. We believe that the FCNR policy window that has been offered to the banking system is a great opportunity, and we are focusing on that. We have spent a large part of the month of June in completing the documentation and approvals necessary from our side and also from the counterparty banks across various jurisdictions.

The ECLGS scheme 5.0 is also a very good opportunity, and you will see a fair amount of growth that we will pick up in the mid-market segment. Competition has been very intense, both on the corporate side, where the spreads continue to be very thin, and we have been rather selective. But we are also looking at a holistic primary relationship engagement.

The deposit rates on the granular side has been reasonably stable. But on the non-granular side, I think rates have continued to remain elevated. The -- this quarter, you may see some amount of mix change in terms of more non-retail, shorter-term asset mix, the cost of funds moderation. These are all elements, which I believe are just tactically being managed.

Fundamentally, the franchise continues to be extremely strong. And we will be stepping up the multiple product offerings and one customer view, and you will see the changes happening in the quarters to come.

Productivity is a very key focus, and you will see the outcomes of the efficiencies from our focus on digital adoption, the process reengineering, the kind of customer focus by the senior supervisory architecture, which will ensure that we are able to turn around the delivery times much shorter than what we have ever enjoyed and what the best-in-class market is offering today.

We have provided a fair amount of tools for deeper customer engagement, as I did allude in terms of technology. We are on the cusp of really -- of harnessing some of the gen AI technologies on our processes, and we do have a fair amount of lighthouse programs that will go into production during the course of the year. Obviously, all of us realize that security is going to be an extremely important part of our strategy, and we are focusing on seeing how we can leverage on AI to augment our defense mechanisms as well.

We -- of course, there are risks in the horizon in terms of the weather-related disruptions like El Niño and also the geopolitical situation in West Asia. But I think the country has weathered these reasonably well. I think we continue to remain very sanguine. We are prepared for as the country and hence as a company in terms of weathering these -- any such challenges in the near future.

I once again thank everyone for a wonderful performance despite a lot of challenges that have happened over these several months. I think good times are here to come, and we stay committed towards customer and other stakeholders in terms of what HDFC Bank has always been to all the stakeholders over these last 30 years.

Thank you so much, and over to Srini and Kirti.

Thank you, Sashi. Nirav, with that, let's open up the line for questions. We'll go straight jump into the questions relating to the earnings of the quarter. Please go ahead.

[Operator Instructions] First question is from the line of Mahrukh Adajania from Tara Capital Partners.

My first question is on margins. Do you think margins have bottomed out now? That's my first question. And what are the headwinds or tailwinds for margins? How would the FCNR mobilization impact them? So that's my first question.

And my second question is that HDFC Bank does require one more ED, right? So when will we hear of that appointment?

Okay. So first, probably I'll take the first part of the question, how to think about the margin. There are 2 aspects, as you know. One is the cost of fund is the biggest opportunity on the margin where compared to our historical norms as well as compared to what we have seen in the industry as such, there can be 40, 50 basis points change, but it is not going to change in a hurry. And there are -- the elements of that is one is the liquidity -- country's liquidity scenario needs to be slightly different than where it is. For example, even in the recent quarter, the average liquidity in the system was about INR 2.08 trillion. However, the peak was INR 5.5 trillion and the trough was a negative INR 0.43 trillion. So there's a big difference between the peak and the trough. On an average, it is INR 2.08 trillion. We need that standard deviation to that average to be minimal so then there could be kind of an active kind of a market where the rates can stabilize well.

And that's part of what the policy is also envisaged. And you've seen that FCNR or the swap window and all of that is in the direction to ensure that there's adequate flows and there is a stabilization of the rates there. So it depends on that. And that's what determines both the deposit costs, particularly the non-retail deposit costs. The retail deposit cost, us as well as various players in the industry, have been circumspect and have been steady there. But the non-retail costs -- non-retail deposit costs have been elevated. And similarly, the borrowing mix has not come off yet. We still remain at about 11%. That continues to be a space that we keep watching. But again, it doesn't change in the short term and doesn't change in a hurry.

CASA mix, again, we've been relentlessly following up on the CASA. We did -- I mean, on a quarter-to-quarter basis, we can't see and we don't judge. But on a yearly basis, for the year that went by, for example, March '26, for which data got published across the industry, while we grew between 9.5%, 10% or so, we still gained market share on that, right, on that front. So we do envisage and we are positioned with our distribution and customer addition to get that. But again, that is a journey and not a kind of a shorter-term impact. So that remains on that.

On the asset yield, asset yield is a function of whether -- if you ask me whether the margins have bottomed out for the year, we can talk about. Quarter-to-quarter, we cannot and we don't manage for the shorter term. The reason is there are timing in the year through which various types of loans get booked. And so we have to wait for the year to see. But we do think that on a full year basis, we are well positioned with our reach and with our customer selection to be better.

As regards to the second question that you asked about enhancing the number -- the full-time directors on the Board, yes, there are several milestones, which the Board is seized of, including with the appointment of the new Chairman -- new part-time Chairman, some of which all of you know. I think a fair amount of action will be visible in a short time period. And I would like you to sort of wait for the same.

Next question is from the line of Pranav Gundlapalle from Bernstein.

Question is largely on the branch network where we had a big boost in FY '22, '23. Do you think all the branches that were added in that period are scaling up the way or have scaled up the way you would have initially expected? And the related question is on the SA market shares, which have been -- the incremental market shares have been largely flatlined despite the branch additions. So what should change for us to once again start seeing meaningful gains in SA market share?

Yes. I'll first talk about the branch as such, right, from a branch vintage model. Yes, about close to 40% of the branches are less than 5 years. And yes, those time periods that you mentioned, we did add -- made a significant addition to branches.

If you look at the branch -- per branch metrics, we are about INR 330 crores per branch currently. And if you go back to the '23 time period, we were INR 266 crores per branch. And if you go back even further, right, it's less than INR 200 crores. So the point is the branch addition at an aggregate level, the early vintages are performing to the legacy branch vintages. And the legacy branch vintages are also progressing towards what the 10-plus years and 15 years-plus years will do, which is what is demonstrated in the average per branch when you see it, INR 330 crores per branch is extremely very -- extremely productive and one of the best-in-class in the industry on a per branch basis. So the branches are behaving according to the model that is envisaged.

One thing I want to mention is that while it's very important that the branches are the key arm to get the deposits in, branches are a very significant part of how we grow part of the retail assets and the small and medium enterprises loans, SME loans. The wholesale and the top corporate, mid-corporate loans get centrally managed through various relationships. But the branch level is where all the other segments operate. And the growth that you see there, these branches do deliver all of those things, right? I just want to leave the thought there.

And in terms of the SA, the savings account that you mentioned, one thing that if you look at the household deposit growth in the country as such, when you look at the data that gets published by RBI across various categories, segmentation of deposits, household deposit growth is one of the lowest among various, right? When you look at the corporates, when you look at the government and institutions and when you look at the households, the household deposit growth is one of the lowest. That doesn't mean that that's how it's supposed to be. That it's going through the phase of how it's remaining in the single digit.

And the way we have approached to address this is there will be only a certain level of savings accounts anybody will have. And that is why the distribution reach and addition of the customers is about the -- increasing the unit. And so thereby, the unit value can marginally go up. We need the unit. So this is about the unit economics that we need to drive. And at the same time, as we drive the unit economics, we are today a little more than 100 million customers. And as we drive the unit economics, keep the cost in check and under control on efficiency so that we scale this. That's what is happening is the scaling is happening with unit economics slightly moving because we are not counting on the household deposit growth to go from 8%, 9% to 15%. That may happen, may not happen, but that's not our approach. Our approach is to increase the units to get that benefit. Sashi can add.

Sashi, if I can just follow up, like my question was largely on a relative basis. So you obviously had a very, very high productivity to start with. But if you see it relative to the system, it's actually come off a bit in the last 3 years. Same with deposit growth, SA growth, et cetera. You had -- we see a very big delta of the system versus peers. That seems to be narrowing. So some color on what has changed? Like are you adding the same number of accounts? Is it balances that are coming off? Some color there that will reassure that you'll eventually get back to industry-leading growth.

So Pranav, thank you for that. I mean, number one is you yourself alluded to the fact that we've had a fair amount of investment in distribution over these 5 years. So our denominator has a fair amount of branches, which are -- which will start to generate more and more customers and hence, balances as we start to move into the 0 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 15 vintage of these investments that will happen. And you have seen in the -- in our presentations how the economics work for different vintage branches.

Number two is, despite that, the productivity may have come down relatively, but it's still one of the best-in-class in the industry. The second part of it is, as Srini was saying, it is a fact that in the last couple of years or more so 3 years, the industry and the system were also plagued with a fair amount of number of accounts, which were not necessarily behaving in an orderly manner. And what I meant by that is you did see a fair amount of fraudsters using accounts as mules, and that sort of started to increase in the banking system significantly. We needed to -- we use a fair amount of our algorithms and rule engines to try and see how we can bring in a fair amount -- bring in some amount of quality acquisitions over the periods of FY '24, '25 and '26. I think these are the 3 -- or '25, '26, which is what you -- we did, and that was pretty much reflected in the slowdown in the new acquisitions because we were gearing ourselves to the new realm of better-quality acquisitions.

As we now move forward, you will and one should see a step-up in the -- as what Srini calls it, unit economics in terms of the numbers moving up at the quality that -- and the kind of diligence that one would necessarily need in this kind of an environment, digital environment, and that is what we are trying to do. So I guess it was a matter of correction to ensure that we put in the guardrails not to bring in unwanted accounts. I think as we move forward, I think we are reasonably confident that we not only will -- should reach reasonable healthy numbers in terms of annual momentum, depending on the capacity of the overall 9,700 branches, but also the quality acquisition value, unit value as well. So my hunch tells me that I think you should see reasonably healthy growth over a 1-, 2-, 3-year period in the savings accounts as well.

Next question is from the line of Kunal Shah from Citigroup.

Yes. So firstly, on margins. So now we are almost down to 3.4-odd percent. Borrowing has also come off to 11-odd percent, and we had highlighted that it can come down to 8%, 9%, so not much room left out there. Obviously, it's a competitive environment. But with this franchise, where should we eventually see margins settling down because earlier, the expectations were much higher, but now it's trailing a bit, and what would actually led to this? What are the levers available for the same? So that's the first question.

Second is, when you look at it on the FCNR deposits, last time we were quite active. We mobilized the largest chunk. So if you can just guide in terms of -- you mentioned like documentation is on, but what is the kind of number which we would look at or maybe the market share in the overall FCNR deposits that we would want to target at this point in time?

And thirdly, on CEO reappointment, if you can just highlight in terms of where the process is because it's now due. So has it been already applied to RBI? Or would there be announcement from the Board in terms of the approval and then we would see the application to the RBI? So if you can just highlight in terms of the process where we are in terms of the CEO appointment, yes.

I'll handle the margin then. So first is, Kunal, thanks for asking that. One is I do want to mention that the borrowing mix, which is at 11%, we don't expect that it'll just settle at 8% or 9%, right? The industry is more like a 5% or 6%, right? So we do think that the maturity should take care of that to some extent. And the growth -- overall growth should also take care of it to the balance of the extent because as the growth happens, and you don't need to fund only through borrowing. So then the borrowing percentage will go off and come down. Now that's one.

Second thing connected to that, you asked is, what is the longer-term margin? Where does this settled, right? See, again, as I mentioned, both from a -- when you benchmark and see against us against the peer group and so on, the cost of fund elements that needs to play out are very much intact, and those are being...

Hello?

[Technical Difficulty]

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your patience. We have the line for the management reconnected. Kunal, may I request you to help sir where the line dropped, please?

Okay. Thank you. Kunal, where did it get dropped because somewhere the cable...

Sir, you were mentioning that cost of benefit -- cost of funds benefit is yet to play out. Yes.

Cost of funds benefit will play out, and it is very much in the works, both in our annual review of plans and as well as our strategic review. It's very much where we envisage and receiving the attention of various verticals to get that, right, both from a mix of products within the deposits as well as mix of borrowings within that, very much there to get that.

On the asset side, I was -- that's where I think it got cut off. On the asset side, the mix of assets is also an important contributor for a longer-term margin. Today, we are at a 52% retail mix. At our kind of an experience that we have seen, we were at about 60% or so. And we always have thought that in India's consumption component of the GDP is at about 60%, and that's where we want to be as far as the retail mix is concerned because that's when we will mirror the economic growth and fortunes in the country, so we can be going in tandem with that. And so that mix of the asset is also an important contributor of that.

As regards to the third question that you had on the reappointment of the MD, I can share with you that the GNRC and Board is fully seized of the matter, and that is work in process. And as they arrive at a conclusion, we will certainly make the necessary announcements in that regard.

And as regards FCNR (B), as I mentioned, even in 2014, the pace starts to pick up only in the second month of the announcement. The first month, like in 2014, I think we have spent a fair amount of time in the documentation part of it and the approvals, both internally and also the respective counterparty bank. And you will see in the month of July, August, September, we have certain milestones. I'm sorry, I can't sort of put a number to that in the public domain, but you will see a very handsome or that's the endeavor to ensure that we are reasonably strong and significant market share in the month.

Next question is from the line of Seshadri Sen from Emkay Global.

So a little bit of a follow-up on Pranav's question on deposits. So am I to understand that this decline in the CASA ratio is temporary or is a passing phase? And as your customer acquisition engine start to fire in, we will see a restoration also. Seeing the share of wholesale deposits rise, albeit not by a large amount, but it's gone up from 17% to 20%. And you're right that, that does reflect what the RBI has been talking about in change of the composition of deposits. So being a large bank, do you think that even if the system continues to gravitate towards wholesale and non-CASA deposits, you'll be able to get back to your earlier ratios once your customer acquisition engine start to bear fruit?

Okay. Let me try and attempt that, Sesh. For a start, the endeavor and our vision is to reach to somewhere near the premerger levels or just around the time of the merger, which was around 38...

Post the merger, we were 38 and before that, we were 40.

Yes, 40. And if you -- as Srini has alluded, obviously, there has been a significant change in the household savings pattern over the last 3 years more so. So what are we trying to do? We are trying to see how we can gain more incremental market share on our low-cost funds much more than what we have as a stock of -- as a stock share. That's the first part of it.

Obviously, our appetite to grow is much more. So there is a need to even grow our time deposits. And the result is because if you need to grow, then you would need a certain amount of time deposit growth, which invariably over the last couple of years has been much higher than the low-cost funds growth rate. So therefore, the CASA ratio has been a little bit on the lower side. So the thought process that we have, as Srini did mention, is that we are probably now after putting in our guardrails in terms of what kind of customers need to come in into the institution from an acquisition perspective, I think we are now ready to press the pedal. I think that is what I think the entire franchise is driving about. And maybe over the next 9 months, we will see -- we hope to see a fair amount of change in the acquisition numbers and hence value.

If that sort of really changes the growth rates to be much better than our time deposit growth, I think that will be wonderful. But obviously, a world is not so perfect. And having said that also, I mean, if you are also -- 50% of your balance sheet is non-retail, which is wholesale, you cannot really ignore that particular franchise as well. We cannot sort of pick and choose what we want. We need to ensure that we are there for all the needs of the corporate customer, whether it is for deposits, whether it's for cash management, whether it's for any other type of facility as long as the appetite is there for us.

So yes, this particular quarter is, as I said, we are now not looking at a quarterly measurement. We want to see at the medium to long term. I think while this quarter, it could be a 20% mix in terms of deposits, et cetera, but I guess these things then normalize. And in the medium to long term, I think it's been more or less stable, which is what we have seen over the last 10 years. Our focus is going to be on retail in terms of -- because that's where you get the advantage on deposits, that's where you -- down the cost of funds. But at some point in time, from a holistic relationship perspective, even we need to patronize some of the capital markets and also the corporate segments as well.

But be as it may, whilst margin is something that I think a lot of us have been focusing on. For us, there are areas that we want to first, because margin will play out as we move forward. I'm sure, assuming all things remaining same from year -- from next year, they will be -- the base effect will wear off. And how this sort of plays around is not something that I'm necessarily focusing. I need to be in the market. We need to be competitive. But we want to be competitive in such a way that we are able to garner a lot of efficiencies arising out of our enhanced and stepped up focus on customer service, which will bring down turnaround time and hence, will bring down the capacities, the back end, which will move to the front end, which will see a fair amount of efficiencies over the next 2, 3 years. This is how we are planning strategically.

And if in the bargain, in the process, the outcome also sort of helps us in getting a better low-cost funds proportion and hence, better margins, I think that's a kind of a bonus as well. So we are very focused on 3 or 4 things: customer focus to the level of obsession; riding on technology, especially in terms of embedding AI in our journeys; three is trying to ensure that our daily operating rhythm just reduces the turnaround time for product and service delivery; four is stepping up and releasing a lot of capacity at the customer-facing end to be able to engage more with the customers and hence, more of business momentum coming about, which is growth.

And then the very fact that we are cutting down on turnaround time, efficiency should lead to better cost to earnings efficiencies as well. So this is an offset, which is what we are looking at. And if in the bargain that we also sort of get the benefit of improved CASA ratios, CASA mobilizations over the next 2, 3 years, I think that's going to be a gem in overall strategy.

Just a quick follow-up. Given your investments in front-end tech and customer service, do you think there's also an opportunity to increase wallet share in existing and vintage customers? You were talking about customer acquisition be a driver, but do you think that, that's also an opportunity?

Yes, absolutely, because, see, the moment we start to focus on that and when we try and create a kind of best-in-class experience, why would any customer move out? I mean, rather, he would -- that's one of our key objectives, gain market share within our existing base itself or even from a new-to-bank acquisitions as well. So that's going to be our next 2-, 3-year journey, and we are all seized of this. We're not sort of too worried about the segmentation. I mean we need to be agile in any customer segment that we are participating.

Today, we are focusing on more and more in the retail and MSME segment. I'm sure we have a strong hold in the corporate segment. But even on that with the implementation of new technologies over a period of time, we have been prioritizing more on the retail and MSME segment. But I'm sure that even the wholesale corporate and capital market segment will also get there, and that will also sort of see a kind of a change in terms of the wallet share increase.

Thank you, Seshadri, One thing I do want to add is that while there is a relentless pursuit for CASA, granular CASA that includes current account, too, from the retail merchant type of customers, time deposit continues to be a very big opportunity because only 14% of our customers have time deposits with us. So there is an enormous opportunity for a deeper penetration on that. And so that's -- it's not this or that, it's both. I just want to mention that.

[Operator Instructions] Next question is from the line of Suresh Ganapathy from Macquarie Capital.

Yes, sure. Just 2 questions. One thing is your PAT growth or your earnings growth has been lacking your balance sheet growth, right? If I look at last year, if I look at this quarter, it's been just 5%. Balance sheet growth is well upwards of 13%, 14%. So are you confident over the next 2, 3 years, you can get earnings growth above balance sheet growth because you're going to grow at 15%, would earnings grow well above that? Are you confident of doing that? That's the first question.

The second question, I mean, one of the biggest aspects post the merger is that the sharp decline in CASA down to 34%. I know there are several reasons for it. All of your peers are at 40% and even RBI's own financial stability report has explicitly talked about that the correlation between rates and CASA is breaking down completely. So it doesn't mean that rates are going to go down, CASA may go up or anything like that as per Reserve Bank of India's own report. So how can you go back to the levels of 40%? So just wanted to -- I wanted an answer for these 2 questions.

Okay. The first one in terms of the profits, Suresh, just to mention that the headline -- Nirav, just see which line and mute that line.

Suresh, can I request you to mute your line from your side, please?

Yes.

Okay, yes. Let's go. Suresh, you asked about the profits. The reported profits when you compare last year, this year, it does show 5%. But last year included certain onetimers like HDB gains and then we had a floating provision, countercyclical buffer that we added and some contingent provision and so on. So adjusted for that, I think in one of our reports that we filed, it shows 9.8% profit, yes. But 9.8% profit growth is still lower than the overall balance sheet growth, correct.

We do think that in the longer term, that the profit growth should be at or above the balance sheet growth. Yes, that's still in our plans, and that's how we approach. Again, please don't look at quarter-to-quarter. But since you touched upon the 5%, I talked about the 9.8%. You should look at the full year. And yes, that's part of how we envisage to do.

The second aspect that you touched upon is also where CASA correlation to the rates. Yes, we are cognizant of that fact. And we have seen over the last few years about the household deposit growth and how that is functioning. We are also aware that you and me included, every individual is going to keep only a certain level of their individual's working capital, so to say, the needs in the savings account and similarly, the small merchants, which is our target for current account into their current account. And so the way I was describing to another person was that, it is about the unit increase. And that is why the distribution is important, and we are adding customers into that. And we are more than 100 million, 101 million, 102 million customer relationships. We'll keep building on that, and that's an important ingredient to get that.

Yes, can it organically grow up -- go by the nominal rate of 10%? Yes, it can go. Nominally 10%, but anything more gaining on the market share comes through the unit economics here, which is get more units for the same unit, same average balance.

Next question is from the line of Abhishek Murarka from HSBC.

So I'll just squeeze in odd direct questions. One, can you quantify how much of the bonds are maturing this year and probably this quarter? And what is the rate differential? What is the rate benefit you are getting on the maturing bonds versus the retail TD rates? That's one.

The second one is, if I look at your interest income breakup, and if you look at the interest on balances with RBI and others, there are pretty high balances over there. So is there any one-off or some kind of refund or anything else? So why is that growing at 50% Q-o-Q or 20% Q? So that's just some explanation around that.

And the third is on ECL, can you quantify what would be the onetime impact? And also on an ongoing basis, how much would your credit cost be impacted? So yes, those are the 3 quick questions.

Yes. The annual report we just published a few days ago will show you the profile of maturity of borrowings. You'll see that INR 40,000 crores or INR 50,000 crores over the next couple of years, you'll see that. And from a -- it does have a differential in rate. It's a little more than 7% to -- if you get a retail, it could be 6-odd percent. So you can pick up 100 basis points, 125 basis points depending on the source of the time deposit. If you just replace borrowings with time deposit or you envisage to replace with a mix of time and CASA, but only time, a little more than 100 basis points you will see.

Second question, we didn't get that second question. You can repeat, but we'll go to the third. On the ECL, ECL method, see, there are 2 aspects. On the ECL method, the overall provision that we are carrying seems adequate and sufficient for the ECL methodology, which is going to kick in, in 1st of April '27. One thing on the ECL that you need to take into account is that at that time, it depends on the pool position. It depends on the behavior, historical behavior of that pool position and from -- that is various pools of assets I'm talking about. And then you look forward from there for 12 months, right? That means whatever is the various categories of pools, from that you look forward for 12 months from then on. And then you have a modeling. Then on top of that, there is a flexibility for management overlay. And so -- and there are floors to take into account.

Considering where we are today and looking 12 months down the line, we do believe that our reserving process and the reserving methodology is quite adequate, right? And for us to think about the Stage 3 assets, which is equivalent to the NPA today that you have, that coverage is quite adequate there. Stage 1 and Stage 2, which are in various buckets of delinquencies or Stage 1 is not in any delinquency. Stage 2 could be in various buckets of delinquency. The floors that are there, for example, the floor in the unsecured category is 1% and the floor in the secured category is 5% -- no, Stage 2 is 5% and so on. So if you look at that, the standard asset carries a 40 basis points provision. But then here, the floor is 1% for unsecured and for Stage 1, and then for Stage 2, it is 5%. So there will be enhancement. But then those enhancements are adequately covered in various manner through various contingent provisions and others that we have. So we feel confident of working through this process on the reserves.

The second question, we didn't get it, you can repeat, yes.

Sure, sure. Just to clarify on ECL at the time. transition, you don't see much of an impact. You have enough provisions for that. After transition, on an ongoing basis, do you think there will be a material increase in credit costs like, I don't know, 5, 10 basis points or 15 basis points, anything of that sort?

I don't think there will be anything material, but there will be some because as exactly I described, standard assets today are approximately 40. There are some 25 basis points, some 100 basis points. But on an average, 40 basis points standard assets. And that, by definition, because of the floor, which are there, unsecured floor is 1% in Stage 1, which is standard. Stage 2 in any delinquency bucket, the floor is 5% and so on. So because of the floor, there will be enhancement. But then the way we look today and look forward from here, it would be some impact, but nothing material in terms of the impact.

[Operator Instructions] Next question is from the line of Nitin Aggarwal from Motilal Oswal.

I have 2 questions. One is around growth. Now with this, like we have started 1Q on a healthy note with this FCNR opportunity that is there. Are we looking at an improved growth run rate this year? We earlier talked about that we want to grow higher than the system, but I believe with the system in a different tangent, I'm not sure we'll want to really go by that. So any number if you can share our growth estimate outlook that we are targeting at? That's one.

And second is on the PCR provisioning coverage. We have seen some downward drift in this number over the last few years. So post ECL transition, where we would like our coverage ratio to be maintained?

So Nitin, I'll answer your first question and Srini will take the second. In terms of growth, we've seen growth if you see the fact that we've already released and the advances mix. We have seen very good growth happen in our corporate and wholesale segment. We've seen that grow at about 18%, and this is continuing from the growth that we had seen in the previous quarter as well, which was around those levels. We've also continued to see very good growth come in our MSME segment. And out over there, we have seen business banking, which is the largest component of our MSME segment, grow at 22.3% this year. And this even tops what we had done in the March quarter. Typically, June is a little softer quarter, but what we have done in June in the MSME segment tells you the traction that we are seeing out over there.

We've also -- in the MSME, as you would be aware, the scheme of ECLGS 5.0 was launched, and we have participated in that scheme. And we have already, as of 30th of June, had a disbursement in that scheme of close to INR 14,000 crores under the ECLGS scheme. And I think -- and I believe that's amongst the highest in terms of the participating banks because of the spread of customers and the quality of the portfolio that we have out over there. So we have seen even the MSME segment grow very robustly. And I mentioned to you the pace of growth that has taken place over there.

In addition to the wholesale and MSME, we've seen good growth also come through in our core retail segment. We've seen on a year-on-year basis, very strong growth in our disbursements in the wheels business. We've also similarly seen a strong growth in our unsecured business on disbursements in terms of the personal loans and business loans that we do out over there as well as touching upon finally the mortgages piece. Again, we have seen a growth of close to 14% in terms of disbursements on mortgages on year-on-year. And the earlier 2 pieces that I talked about, we have seen disbursement growth approximately of about 20-odd percent. So that should give you a flavor of how we have participated in each of these segments. And we do see credit demand holding. We do see a lot of resilience, which has been there in the economy, even post what we have seen in terms of the geopolitical situation. Yes, we have to wait for the full impact of the El Niño and see because that does have a bearing, which plays out in the third quarter of the financial year.

So therefore, we are well positioned across most of our business segments in terms of how we have approached them. And there continues to be an opportunity and a relationship, which we will continue to mine, whether on the wholesale segment or in the mid-market and retail segment.

Okay. Thank you, Kaizad. I want to take your second part of the question relating to the coverage. So the overall coverage that you see now is 66%, right? I would draw your attention to go back to 2019. And the reason for that is in between there be COVID, somewhere up, somewhere down in terms of coverage. And subsequently, there was a merger somewhere up and then subsequently down, right, in terms of various coverage. There are several other nuances in between. So you go back to a longer term, what the coverage is, it was 71%. Now it is 66%, right? That is the headline coverage.

Now if you peel that and get to, what is it? If you look at the coverage, excluding the agricultural book, agriculture is a secured part of the book. At that time, it was 71% -- was the total. And today, excluding agri, it is 70%. So it's a proportion of the agriculture book, which is at a higher proportion right now. That is the difference that you are seeing in the coverage. That's number one.

Number two is the shorter term. Shorter term means when you look at a quarter or a year, kind of a shorter term. It is a secured-unsecured mix that shows the difference. If you look at unsecured mix, the provision coverage will be in the 70s -- mid-70s or higher. The unsecured will be lower.

No, secured will be lower.

So secured will be lower. The unsecured is in the mid-70s or above. And the reason for that is if you look at our rate of growth that we had over a 2-year period on some of those retail type of unsecured loans have been modest, right? Even now when you look at the book growth on cards is 2.3% or something, while the sales -- the spend grows at 13%, but the book grows at 2% to 3%. And similarly, the unsecured on personal loan and so on still remains in the single digit there, right? And it is -- the disbursals are in a healthy double digit, but is yet to catch up on that.

So the PCR is a function of the composition of the book. And where there is a necessity to build reserves, it is there, it's formulaic. It doesn't go through any kind of discretion. It goes through a formula and gets it done. And same when we benchmark this to an ECL method also, which is the Stage 3 ECL provision, we seem to be adequate there too, even in the go-to model.

Right. I have one small question, one more question, if I can squeeze in.

Go ahead.

Sorry, the other question is on the FCNR. You talked about that this will gain traction, but how should we benchmark the -- whatever quantum we raise, what number should we benchmark that to? Should that be to the outstanding deposit share, should it be to you raised in FCNR (B) on the time through that in terms of total quantum that HDFC Bank can...

Nitin, sorry to interrupt. We lost your audio in between.

Hello. Am I audible?

Nitin, we're just commencing the drive. While demand is there, we just don't want to commit any number. Let it start to flow and you will see it. But definitely, if the system is X, we will be a significant portion of the system as we were in the '2014, '15 period. That is our endeavor. And I think we are all -- the entire team is quite gung ho to mobilize this kind of -- we are all energized and I think we are on track towards that.

[Operator Instructions] Next question is from the line of Piran Engineer from CLSA India.

Congrats on the quarter. Firstly, just on cost of funds, can you highlight how much cost of funds are down quarter-on-quarter as well as year-on-year?

Piran, I think it's in whatever phase the team will tell you, it is the cost of funds is published along with the yield too. Sequential quarter, I think it's almost there, flat, a couple of basis points, plus/minus, it's within the range. And over a period of a year, I think it's about, call it, 40, 50 basis points -- 40 basis points or so year-to-year, yes.

Got it. Okay. Sorry. If it's published, I might have missed it. I thought otherwise. Anyway, sorry for that.

No problem.

Secondly, just in terms of loan growth, barring MSME, which segments are you confident that will result in a pickup in loan growth from current levels? Because our retail growth has been fairly range bound at 7%, 8%. And I don't know, it doesn't seem to be picking up.

So Piran, the growth, as we have always said, is going to be a function of how the growth is being seen in the economy in the segments which are bankable by our credit underwriting standards. So we have -- I just alluded to an earlier response where I talked about the fact that we have seen good traction year-on-year on the disbursement side in terms of our core retail book, which consists of our wheels business, the unsecured as well as the mortgage business. So we do see that certainly picking up over the next several quarters. It doesn't happen overnight. It's a journey, and we are well on the path to see that really moving forward.

We've also seen good traction in the system on the mid-market and corporate side. And we have a very good franchise and presence in that segment where we are market leaders. And we see that also continuing to contribute in the year ahead. So there are several drivers, including other products that we've got in our basket on the retail side, such as gold loans, which have started contributing. Yes, right now, it's a little more smaller part of the whole retail basket, but growing very well. We've also got other micro loans that we've started in terms of our Dukandar lending, which is bringing up the core retail. So we do see it being well diversified within the retail space, but I think both corporate and retail, along with mid-market, should continue to drive growth in the coming quarters.

Understood. And just lastly, you all have -- you all had a good leash on costs over the last 2 years now. Now some part of it is technology, et cetera, AI. But how do we get comfort around you all not, say, underinvesting in the future of the business?

No, Piran, the -- I think on the contrary, I think the kind of investments that we have done over a period of 5 years has been one of the most, despite the fact that there have been a lot of events that have happened during these 5 years, I mean, whether it's the merger, whether it is COVID initially, then merger and then a fair amount of investments. But distribution, investment in resources and investment in technology has been there.

Now we are probably -- as you may have heard Srini in the past, there's always an investment phase and then a harnessing of the investment phase that will happen. So we also want to enjoy some of the things that what we have invested is this sort of giving us the kind of returns as envisaged. And I think you will see a -- while the investments will be slightly muted, especially in distribution for now, but technology will be continuing because security and AI is going to be a very significant part of any organization which wants to really thrive into the future. That will continue to be there. It's just that what you're not seeing is that we have upfronted a fair amount of investments. And therefore, you don't need that kind of a large incremental investments, but the investments will continue into the future.

As I have mentioned, I think we are probably at the cusp of harnessing these investments, whether it's on the branch distribution or in terms of the technology investments. And over the next 2 to 3 years, this returns in terms of efficiencies will start to play out and which is what is going to be our key strategy in terms of how we balance growth and efficiencies, offsetting some of the margins, if at all there is, in the same levels as we are today.

Got it. Got it. Okay. That was useful. Just lastly, if I may request, I do this with all corporates and this is probably the first chance I'm having here. But if we could go back to weekday reporting rather than Saturday reporting, it would really help us a lot. And it would help you all because you all will get much more investor participation across the globe if you report on a weekday.

There is a reason why most of us are all doing on Saturday. It's not that we have a joy in coming to work on a Saturday, I can assure you that or to spoil your weekend. There is a reason why, because since the markets are closed and a fair amount of people will get exposed to this kind of information through the day, we just want to minimize some of the regulatory transgressions that may happen if we do it on a weekday. So that is why all of us, a large part of the banking system, I think, is now gravitating towards weekend as a disclosure for this very reason. It's not that we are not going to be ready on a weekday, we would be, but it's a little bit of a high risk during that period.

That's true, sir. But I think like this argument is true for all banks, not just -- all companies, not just financials or all banks all over the world. I think it's just that Indian banks stand out, especially on this front. And more so in an era where you all manage trillions of rupees of money and trillions of transactions per year, which are safe. I'm sure you all can keep your information safe while reporting. So this is just a request. I hope you all consider it with all due seriousness and thought. But my questions are done, and all the best.

Thank you. We'll give a thought to that. Yes. Thank you.

Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen. We have come to the end of the time allotted for the call. I would now like to hand the conference over to Mr. Vaidyanathan for closing comments. Thank you, and over to you, sir.

Thank you all for participating. With this, we'll close the call. And if there are any more open questions, we'll be continuing the dialogue with any of you that you need to talk either today or any other day. Our Investor Relations team will be available. We'll stay in touch. Thank you. Bye-bye.

Thank you very much. On behalf of HDFC Bank Limited, that concludes this conference. Thank you all for joining us, and you may now disconnect your lines. Thank you.

Ladies and gentlemen, good day, and welcome to HDFC Bank Limited Q4 and Full Year FY 2026 Earnings Conference Call on the financial results presented by the management of HDFC Bank. [Operator Instructions] Please note that this conference is being recorded.

I now hand the conference over to Mr. Srinivasan Vaidyanathan, Chief Financial Officer, HDFC Bank. Thank you, and over to you, Mr. Vaidyanathan.

Thank you. Thank you, Nirav. Good evening, and warm welcome to all the participants. Today, we have with us our Chairman, Mr. Keki Mistry; our CEO, Mr. Sashi Jagdishan; and our Deputy Managing Director, Mr. Kaizad Bharucha.

I will hand off for opening remarks to Sashi. Over to you, Sashi, then we can get on to the other agenda.

Thank you, Srini, and thank you all. Good afternoon to you, and welcome to the full year FY '26 annual results call. Let me dive straight into the key aspects of FY '26 performance. We had estimated the system credit growth to be around 10.5% to 11.5%. We did 12%, up from 5.5% last year. As you can see, there is positive momentum as we had expected. Deposit growth rate at 14.4% continues to grow faster than the credit growth, which is what we've always been doing. The growth rate is better than the system growth rate yet again.

Net income growth clocked at 11%, similar to the last financial year, whilst EPS growth of 10% versus 3% last year. The yield on assets had a faster transmission as against deposits on a full year basis, leading to a NIM drop. Despite the drop in NIMs, the return on assets continued to be stable at 1.9% due to cost efficiencies with cost-to-income declining from 40.5% to 39.5% on a core basis and focus on quality growth reflecting in lower credit costs.

I would like to remind the sizable investments we made over the last 5 to 6 years, which will bear fruit in the coming years. These investments were despite we witnessing significant events such as COVID, a complex and one of the largest mergers in corporate history. The distribution nearly doubled to 9,700 branches. The number of customers nearly doubled to 100 million customers. Our tech investments more than quadrupled to around $1 billion. The merger with mortgage company, HDFC Limited, too, is an investment for the future. The bank navigated the same in a stable manner over the last 3 years despite changing economic outlook and regulatory stance. The above is going to provide a huge operating leverage in the future.

Sometimes all of us have short memories and forget the core business foundation, which remains our moat and strength. Customers at 100 million. We continue to acquire about 6 million to 8 million customers a year. This will be the funnel for future growth. 22% of our customers are actually 30 years of age, 42% are less than 40 years of age. This enables us an opportunity to engage through their life cycle, which would be the future engine of growth.

We continue to be market leaders in our core franchise offerings such as cash management. In the Capital Markets segment, we continue to hold about 35% to 40% of the account settlements. In the bankruptcy issue, we hold about 40% to 50% of the escrow settlement. In the trade part of the business, almost 18% to 20% of the country exports go through us. In the imports, 13% to 15% of the country's imports go through us. In the cards, merchant acquiring, almost about 35% to 36% of the acquiring comes through the bank. On the issuance of credit cards, 21% to 22% of the issuances of the system is from us. In the spends, almost 26% to 28% of the card spends in the market is through our cards.

We are a dominant salary relationship bank in the private sector. We are amongst the top 2 MSME banks in the country. So as in the mortgages, we are among the top 2 mortgage bank in the country. In the wheels business, whether it's auto or transportation, we're the top wheels bank in the country. The above, despite intense competitive environment, reflects the excellence and execution capability of the bank.

Our financial parameters reflect strength and resilience of the bank. We have a strong capital position at 19.7%. Our asset quality is extremely healthy at 1.15% gross NPAs. This has been tested across 3 decades of business cycles. The bank has created a large provisioning buffer of almost 125 basis points to absorb any shocks in the future. Where this is obviously contingent upon any future events that may occur in the future, we don't have any stress in our portfolio as we speak.

Our focus is on profitability while pursuing growth opportunities. The loan deposit ratio is not a constraint. The regulator has come out and talked about it. We have demonstrated our ability to gain market share on deposits every year, almost around 30 to 50 basis points over the last 5 years. Hence, it's no longer a binding constraint. We have been building granular and sustainable deposit franchise, which is reflected thus. In the less than INR 3 crore retail liabilities, we have moved up from 31% of the net total accretion to about 47% of the total net deposit accretion for the year. This reflects the focus on granular and sustainable deposits. Having said that, the bank will continue to improve its quality of deposit franchise over the years to come.

The bank witnessed an unprecedented event recently, but its strength and resilience was seen with stable and strong deposit flows. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Government of India, the Reserve Bank of India and SEBI for their unequaled local support during that period. However, the most important strength will be our leadership in the technology space. Over the past few years, we have focused on strengthening the bank's long-term competitive position anchored heavily in our technology architecture to operate as a technology-first institution. A large share of our investment has gone towards improving the digital front and customer experience. We have been upgrading our interfaces, simplifying acquisition and service journeys and modernizing our digital platforms. We launched in the year our new net banking, mobile banking platforms and also our payment platform, which we probably did it about a couple of years ago, all of them are at a population scale.

Today, our mobile app serves over 60 million registered customers offering the features, the USP of our build focuses on security. We have an OTP-less authentication, we have a lock, which is for enhanced security, and we have a full stack UPI-enabled wallet, which we call the Zapp account. A combination of the above will make it extremely secure and probably one of the most secure offerings in the country today. The efforts have increased digital adoption to 97% for payments and service transactions and 92% for acquisition journeys. Our goal remains simple, offer customers a seamless, reliable, friction-free experience across all touch points.

The next layer after the customer layer is the intelligence layer. This is principally to build an AI-ready engine. We have built a strong intelligence layer that brings automation and analytics to the core of our operations. By decoupling our front-end and back-end through a modern API gateway and orchestration layer, we now have a strong foundation for the emerging agent-driven AI model.

Strengthening. AI is only as strong as its data. We have built a robust data foundation anchored by a customer level, enterprise-level, single source of truth from a customer perspective. We went live with our lakehouse architecture, a centralized scalable data lake, reusable enriched data marts. While not always visible externally, this work is essential to our long-term scalability and AI aspirations. But the big story is how we've created in-house the unified AI platform, which is going to be the center that spans across the entire organization. It allows us to deploy AI agents quickly without building custom interfaces bidding systems. The platform brings together enterprise search, document extraction, voice-based agents, a full AI development life cycle. It supports multi-foundational and open models and includes a unified evaluation model for strong governance, compliance and security.

We have an independent unit in the risk team that adds a second-line safeguard. The key components includes the Model Context Protocol for the Agentic Studio and Agentic Mesh. This will enable us to deploy AI agents to scale, placing us amongst the small group of Indian and global banks with such advanced in-house capabilities. We already have 5 use cases in production and 14 more in development, improving turnaround times, first-time right outcomes and freeing mid-office and back-office capacity for customer-facing roles. The above leadership position will enable us to harness efficiencies across the organization and will be a key driver to enhance return on asset over the next 1, 2, 3 years. The guiding principle is return on assets, loan growth and deposit growth and quality of the balance sheet from a risk standpoint. All of it should culminate in a consistent EPS growth.

Let me also take on the subject matter relating to some of the matters that we witnessed during the quarter, including the resignation of the former part-time Chairman and the Dubai branch-related matter. I and the members of the Board did provide statements post the 18th March 2026 event. The Government of India, the Reserve Bank of India and SEBI came out with statements in favor of the bank. The legal review, which is what we had committed at the time when we went to the press, is in process. As and when this happens, we shall provide a summary of the same. The audited financial statements of the bank for the year ended March '26 carry notes, which are self-explanatory.

On the Dubai branch-related matter, the same has been covered in the notes to accounts as well. There is also an NCDRC order, which came out on the 23rd of March, which highlights that the complainants are not retail in nature or are not uninformed investors, and they had a clear intent to pursue high-yield, high-risk investment products. So we do not have anything incremental other than the above. So we would like to pause out here and probably take on questions from here. Thank you.

Thank you, Sashi. Nirav, with that, we can open it up for questions, please.

[Operator Instructions] The first question is from the line of Mahrukh Adajania from Tara Capital Partners.

I just have a few questions. Firstly, that in terms of growth next year, what would be the key drivers? So first of all, where do you see your growth? You said, possibly above sector. So what could that be? What range could that be? And then corporate growth has been a good driver, I guess, for everyone for the fourth quarter, and that's partly to do with yields as well. So do you see corporate growth sustaining? Or do you see retail growth picking up from these levels? So that's my question.

So Mahrukh, Kaizad here. If I got your question as to what would be the growth drivers. First, on the corporate side, I think you would have seen in our release, the increase that we have done over the previous year. We do see this sustaining as there has been demand. Of course, we will have to temper it given the fallout of what we see in the geopolitical area, which hopefully should not be more than a couple of months going into this financial year. But we do see an opportunity in corporate across sectors in electronics, food processing, auto, auto ancillaries, the renewable sector and the semiconductors. Also, it opens up, as you well know and are aware of the different opportunities which are now available from an acquisition financing point of view, including what was already there for project finance and supply chain. So we see the corporate sector, the emerging corporates and corporates holding up in the year ahead.

Coming to your point on retail growth, Mahrukh, if you really see, our retail growth has certainly stepped up from where we were last year. And we have seen a better step-up, if you've followed our results, in the last 3 quarters. And this step-up has been there across our wheels business as well as on the personal loan, business loan side. To add to that, we've also seen consistent holding of demand on the mortgage book, and that has also performed well. So we've seen a growth. Overall, if you look at it, or if you look at the balance sheet, we've been about 53%, 54% in the retail and the balance coming out of wholesale.

Got it. So what kind of growth trajectory should we look at for FY '27? Because I guess the earlier guidance was of above sector growth, but the sector growth has also moved up substantially.

Yes. So Mahrukh, if you really see, our loan growth last year was 5%, and our loan growth this year is 12%, right? So I think we will continue to have a good momentum and trajectory in our growth. But you have to keep in mind what the geopolitical situation and that fallout is going to be. But we are confident that we see the positivity continuing. We've not seen any alarm bells go up as yet. And therefore, we will continue to focus on all these areas that I covered earlier.

Mahrukh, I request you to come back for a follow-up question. [Operator Instructions] Next question is from the line of Nitin Aggarwal from Motilal Oswal.

So firstly, congrats on a good quarter in a very challenging environment. And so my question is like 2 questions. Firstly, on the deposits. So how do you look at the deposit market share? We have done very well in this quarter. But if I look at it in context of how the system itself has done, we have seen a very sharp pickup in the deposit accretion for the system overall. So how do you kind of look at the market share that HDFC Bank has been able to garner this quarter in context of system number? And any color if you can also share on what has driven this huge surge in the business numbers over the last fortnight?

Okay. Let me take that, if that's okay. See, if you look at the quarter, the INR 2.45 lakh crores of deposits that came in, typically, you see that the market is pretty active and accretes maximum, almost more than half -- close to half or slightly above half of what the year accretes in the last quarter. In this year, it's no exception. If anything, it has been more squeezed towards the last month of the quarter rather than the full quarter, because January was still tight all across. Somewhere from latter part of February to March, it has been quite easy and liquid and the possibility of deposit gathering is there. If you look at the composition -- so that's one, there's a market tailwind that is there. I think the system growth, as we saw somewhere reported a couple of days ago, was about at an aggregate level, 11.5% or so system type of growth.

Now when you look at the composition of the deposits between retail and wholesale, there is some level of wholesale deposits that come in March quarter, naturally because of relationships as well as how the corporates manage their balance sheets towards the end of their financial year. And you'll see that the average of the retail versus wholesale is about 1 percentage point or 2 different in this quarter, which in our earnings deck you will notice that there is 82% against 84% or something, 82%, 83% against 84%. Retail, I'm talking about retail. So retail continues to power and stays ahead the 80% mark.

And within that, when we look at the composition of the deposits between the core retail, when I say core retail, I mean the higher ticket size NRIs or certain other institutions that are managed through the branches and so on. When you look at it, the core retail is faster and almost close to the total, despite there is a good power coming from the wholesale business, but core retail is also almost at that level. So we feel quite enthused by the relationship managers gathering and engaging to get these things done. So we are quite positioned for continued growth on this area.

Right. And Srini, like also the other part of the question is like any color if you can share on what has driven this huge surge in the business numbers over the last fortnight of the year? I mean, this time the pickup is exceptionally strong across the system.

Yes. If you look at it, the liquidity -- if you look at the system, what kind of funds that have been available in the system. I think the last time we did quite a significant volume of like INR 1,75,000 crores or INR 1,80,000 crores or something like that. And this year, given that we have added much more customers and much more distribution strength and more stronger corporate relationships, because we've been lending this year. Remember that we have grown corporate loans by 13%. So we get higher levels of share from each one of them.

Nitin, I'll request you to come back for a follow-up question. Next question is from the line of Kunal Shah from Citigroup.

So firstly, again, touching upon on the growth side. So we indicated like we will try to grow in line with the industry average, but we are seeing industry average being upwards of 15%, we are still at 12%. So we have been below it. And next year, would we retain the guidance of growing above the industry average, or would we say like we will still grow in line with the industry average, because industry average itself has picked up to a very large extent.

And on the deposits, how much of this is transitory in nature? And how much of this it can sustain? Because last year, we indicated that we will more focus on the sustainable deposits even during the period end. So I just want to get the sense, because the difference between the end of period and average deposit is quite high during this quarter.

Okay. Let me take one by one. The first one is on the growth in the system. At least if you see through large part of FY '26, the nominal GDP growth expected was somewhere around the 9%, 9.5%. So one consensus until the large part of the year was a system credit growth of around 10.5% to 11.5%. This is what we had expected, and we calibrated our strategies and our growth in line with that, and that is why we grew at 12%. The system, you have said 16% or 15%. But actually, when you compare the period-end numbers as of 31st March, which is published by the Reserve Bank of India, and you sort of make the math, it comes to somewhere around the 13.5% to 13.9%. That's the system growth.

Obviously, it has been faster. It is something that we have to navigate, but it's not too far away from the momentum we have seen from a 5.4% growth in FY '25 to a 12% growth. So I think as Kaizad was mentioning, we are very well positioned to continue that kind of a momentum in a manner that we do responsible growth and we don't want to overstretch beyond what could potentially have some land mines in the future. So that's the reason why we are not sort of -- because of this dichotomy in terms of the growth being slightly more than what one expected in relation to the normal GDP growth. I think we would like to sort of just leave it at that to say that our trajectory is in the right direction, and we will do what is appropriate from our risk and reward perspective. So that's part one.

Part two, on the -- what was the second question?

Deposits.

On the deposits, let me first take the granularity of deposits. The retail has always been -- as a proportion of total deposits has been about 80% to 85% of the total bank's deposits. You have 3 significant verticals where we have a lot of close relationship being whether it's corporate banking or whether it is the capital markets segment as well. Now let's talk about the 80%, 85%, which is the retail segment. Within that, there is definitely a focus on trying to see how we can garner more granular time deposits. If you see, as I mentioned in my opening remarks, the granularity of the deposits has stepped up significantly.

In fact, the less than INR 3 crore deposits have grown, which has been mobilized in 2026 on a net basis, has grown up almost about 74% over the net incremental deposits for FY '25 on that less than INR 3 crore bucket. So what constituted 31% of the total net accretion in FY '25 now constitutes 47%. It's a very significant number, because these are all very less volatile and very sustainable, and that is something that we are emphasizing as we move ahead. And this particular number should go up even in the future.

47% is less than INR 3 crores?

Yes. On the time deposits.

On incremental?

Of the increment. So we have mobilized INR 3.9 lakh crores for the full year, 47% is that. Now in terms of the volatile or the high frequency deposits, it's quite natural, when you have corporate as a significant part of our corporate and capital markets, which contribute 55% or 53% of the balance sheet, you will have large relationship which you need to patronize. And that aspect of the 15% of the total deposits will be volatile in nature. You will see that moving out and probably coming back during every month end or quarter end as well. But the endeavor is to try and see how, on a full year basis, we try and inch upwards the net incremental mobilization, and that is what we are all working towards.

So that gives the confidence on LCR at 114-odd percent because now we are below 115%. So how would we look at LCR, because now LDR is not in focus, but obviously, we would want to manage LCR. So what range we would want to sustain the LCR?

Kunal, in the past, we have mentioned that our endeavor for LCR is to be between 110% and 120%. We are somewhere in the middle. Last quarter, I think we were about 116%. Now we are 114%. So thereabouts, that's the kind of range at which we intend to operate, to be in the middle. Sometimes it goes higher, sometimes it comes below, but somewhere in the middle is where we endeavor.

Next question is from the line of Pranav from Bernstein.

My first question, Srini, is more on the guidance. I think if I heard you right, you said LDR is no longer kind of relevant or a constraint. And I also heard you saying that loan growth, you would rather focus on improving momentum rather than benchmarking the system. So is there one metric that you use internally to assess performance, which kind of captures some of these pushes and pulls you have on the different metrics? That would also be helpful, I guess, for investors to track performance. That's the first question.

And second question is on your NIMs. The borrowings have come off almost 11% year-on-year, but the NIM trajectory is broadly similar with what some of your peers have reported. So is that something you expected a year back, meaning borrowings comes off, but NIM doesn't really get impacted? Or has something changed in there? And more importantly, will a reduction in borrowings have a meaningful impact on NIM going forward? Is that the lever that you are thinking about? Those are my 2 questions.

So let me talk about what you ascribed to, the borrowings mix changing. But yes, changing of the borrowings mix is a favorable item where costs that are higher, essentially the spreads that you pay, you can save on that and get to the bottom. However, if you see what has happened, the rate cycle, when you go back about a year, when you were in March, April of last year, the rate hiking cycle had just started in February and there was no kind of an indication that it would end up 125 basis points in the cycle so far.

Rate reduction.

Rate reduction, not hike, rate reduction cycle, 125 basis points was not something that was anticipated last March, last April. And when that happens, a little about 70% of the loans are floating rate and immediately, the transmission takes place, deposit, as you know, is managed. And so within the deposit, when there is a higher propensity for time deposit, which we have seen, the time deposit rate of growth was 15.5% year-on-year when you see now. When the total deposit rate of growth was 14.4%, the time deposit was 15.5%.

And so there is a higher propensity towards the time deposit, which is, again, on a relative basis, higher price than the CASA, of course. And so that is where it is sitting, and it needs to unlock itself, both from how the rate cycle plays out as well as how the mix of the deposits change. So essentially, it is morphed from one type of funding, which is borrowing into another type of funding, which also in the funding stack is of a higher order than the CASA. And so that is where it has gone to be and still yet to unlock fully. So that's on the borrowings and where it is.

On the question of the NIM, I think we talked about how to think about NIM, which is -- see the policy rate, when it started to come down, the assets came down faster and more or less fully there. The deposit has moved. The pricing on the deposit, if you look at the transmission that has happened, it is -- only about 40 to 50 basis points has come in into that so far. So it's not fully compensated for what the asset pricing has moved down.

And as we see now due to the geopolitical situation and uncertainty that is there, the rate cycle is currently paused. If anything, the tendency, at least we are seeing from the securities market is that the rates have gone up a bit, right? And so we don't want to hazard a guess whether the rate reduction cycle is done and it's bottomed and now it's going to start going up, I don't want to hazard. But at least by all indications, looking at the securities market, it seems to be going up. It depends on how the geopolitical situation settles. And so thereby, country's liquidity and borrowing needs, depending on how the oil prices settle, will determine our trajectory of the NIM.

But then more important, I think what Sashi alluded to in his preamble, in his opening remarks is that what we are focused more than on the NIM is on the returns. And when any of those on the NIM that we manage, as best as we could, given the market environment, we do have those levers of enhancing our efficiency, both from an operating side as well as on the credit side to realize. And that is what in the recent time periods you have seen where when the NIM has been in a small range bound minus or plus, the offsets have come from these to keep that returns stable in that range. And the quarter was 1.96%, but the year was 1.94%, similar to the full year that you saw last year on the return on assets.

Understood. See, if I may just ask a follow-up. My question is more on relative. So hypothetically, if, let's say, borrowings would decline by 75%, right? So let's say, your borrowings just come off to 6% or 7% of liabilities today, do you think NIM will improve very significantly?

Yes. If all else remaining same, that means no other factors play in, borrowing percentage coming down will change the NIM trajectory upwards, and all else on the other side also remaining same will boost the returns.

Okay. Got it. On the first question on the metric, is there like -- I think I heard you say that you focus more on returns rather than just NIM. So is some version of PPOP, the metric that would be appropriate. So what would be the best metric then?

ROA is what we should focus on. PPOP is an intermediate, right? I mean, you take higher risk and take it in the top line, you give it away in the credit cost below the PPOP. But PPOP doesn't determine what returns you can get. So we focus on the returns on return on assets.

Okay. But that doesn't capture growth, right? I mean...

Yes, I'd say growth -- profit growth and returns. Top line growth and returns and EPS. That's what we always look to.

Next question is from the line of Seshadri Sen from Emkay Global.

Two questions. One is, I was hearing Sashi with interest in terms of the investments that is being made in the last 5 years. Are we now entering a cycle where the cost-to-income ratio has peaked and we can expect significant benefits to come through? I know part of it will come from revenue growth itself because loan growth is bouncing back. This should be a better year for margins, et cetera. But on the OpEx side, is there a possibility that the overall OpEx could slow down from here, because a large part of these investments that you made are done? Or do you think this is an ongoing process and then there's not too many levers?

Yes. Seshadri, if you look at the cost growth that we have, we have seen that at a level almost at, call it, 6.5%, 7% or so is the full year, right? Quarter-to-quarter variations happen, but full year, call it, 6.5%, 7% rate of growth is lower than the top line growth, and you're seeing that benefit coming in. Having said that, the cost-to-income is a relative ratio, as you know, as you also just alluded to, even the top line moves faster, you get that relative ratio. But more important is also to look at cost to assets. Cost to assets is at about 1.9% or so. We do think that the cost to asset at 1.9% is best-in-class. But however, we do see that there is an opportunity space even in that aspect of it due to various technology implementations.

Which is what I mentioned, Seshadri, that if we just focus on the investments that we have made in technology and implement them across the organization, you should see operating leverage kicking in and enhancing your ROAs.

The second question is on retail loan growth. You've done well in terms of recovering the overall loan growth, but retail still, I think, it's in the single digits. I think it has some upside for a franchise like yours. Going forward, what would be the levers to accelerate retail loan growth, which products, which channels, more harvesting of cross-selling within your existing customer base? Should we expect some forward momentum in that part of the business in the coming FY '27 early in the year? And would it be back-ended or front-ended?

So I think I did cover it in my opening response to Mahrukh. We have seen good traction across our products in wheels, personal loans as well as in the mortgages space over the last 3 quarters sequentially. And in terms of levers today, if I just take mortgages, we were doing mortgages earlier out of about 6,800 locations. We are now covering mortgages from more than 7,800 locations, closer to 8,000. So one is we are using distribution. Two is, we've got our digital channels working very well, and we have seen a higher utilization of our 10-second loans, both in our express loans in auto loans and personal loans.

We've also seen more addition to the customer acquisition base, that is what Sashi referred to earlier, as well as the foray that we have done in the salary accounts. And these salary accounts create the base for us for better cross-sell and penetration of our retail products. And we are the leading bank in salary accounts and the quality of the franchise we have out over there. So if you look at our physical distribution of branches, if you look at the better penetration and utilization of our digital channels as well as you look at the increasing acquisition that we have in what we call our preapproved base, because we have the history of the client because of the salary relationship, has obviously created the momentum without going down the asset quality ladder.

And on disbursals.

Yes. And, okay, I'm being prompted by Sashi on a very important metric. We have seen our disbursals go up quarter-on-quarter, which is another parameter on the retail space. And you do know that on the mortgages side, I do believe that we would be amongst the top 2 with hardly a gap in terms of the quarterly disbursements that we have been doing. In the auto loan space, we have grown well. We continue to be market leaders, and we have the largest engagement with all the OEMs as well as their dealer base, which acts as the real feeder for the retail loans. So between the physical channels, between the digital channels, between the customer acquisitions, and across the set of core retail products, we do see that growing well. We also see ourselves doing well in a product that we have launched over the last year and has come up very well, has been our gold loan business. We've built a good quality book out over there, and I do see that also continuing to contribute.

The last lever I may touch upon, to give you a sense, has been on our SME business. We have been market leaders in our SME business. And today, we are #1 in the country on the entire SME space -- or MSME space. And to give you some granularity, we are #1 in 15 out of 28 states, and we are in the top 2 in the 25 out of the 28 states in MSME. If you also see the pack which my colleagues have put out, we have grown our business banking, which is mainly representative of our MSME, we've grown at about 20% year-on-year, and that will continue to also be in that range of 18% to 20%, 21%, depending upon, obviously, some of the developments in the economy. So that should give you, I hope, a good sense of what will be the levers on our consumer bank and the channels through which we will get in.

Can you talk about the merger synergies as well as the mortgage.

No, that wasn't the question, but I'm happy to cover it. So another aspect just to leave on the consumer side and the mortgage business as well as some of the benefits that have accrued over the last couple of years from this business that we acquired. So let me touch on a few of the levers, and I'm sure separately, we could give you more color otherwise. So from the book we inherited, we had roughly a penetration on the liability side, which was about 36% share. So 36% of the people who had home loans with HDFC had their liabilities with us. Net of attritions, net of acquisitions over this journey, this 36% has come as high as 50% within the last 2.5 years. And that tells you the liability franchise that we've got.

As we had mentioned in our calls earlier in October and January, happy to update you that we continue to have 98% of all home loans that we disburse, our customers opening a liability account with us. And therefore, you've seen the shift move from 36% to 49%, 50% of stock as we sit on today. More importantly, more than the 50% stock that we sit on, today, approximately a little over 60% to 65% of that stock pays their EMI through MyOwn Account and which tells you the synergy which a home loan and a liability bring from a value accretion perspective as well as from a risk perspective.

The second thing out over there would be apart from the actual CASA balances that have grown. And at that point in time, we roughly had about INR 50,000 crores value of the CASA balances. We have today grown that to INR 86,000 crores. So that's been the growth in the 2.5 years, not only in the numbers in terms of the engagement of the CASA accounts, mainly SA, but also of the value accretion that has happened. A thing I had mentioned in the past, which had come up and that continues to hold good, as the book matures, as the engagement matures, that the average balances that we see of customers that keep their liability with us who have their home loan goes up 2x to 2.25x compared to the standard average balances that would otherwise be witnessed in the banks.

Apart from that, finally, there is what we call the cross-sell thali internally, which consists of a host of products, which, whilst not limited to, indicatively are the cross-sell that we do on the credit cards business to this portfolio, the insurance policies that they take to insure their homes, the wealth accounts that we open as well as engagement on our digital properties, including the SmartWealth and the PayZapp accounts or the PayZapp gateway of our wallet that they use. So the engagement is all around. And today, nearly 23% of our home loan customers on stock have our credit cards which are active.

So I hope that rounds up, Sashi, as you were mentioning, the flavor of how this has grown and in the manner it has grown and the way it will continue.

Thank you, Kaizad. That's extremely important as to what we are looking at from a mortgage book perspective. It's not just the book, but the kind of primary relationship that we are all focusing on, and that's going to really be a large sustainable franchise over a long run and quality.

We have the lowest NPA percentages as we understand in the industry on a book of our size on the home loan book.

Next question is from the line of Rikin Shah from IIFL Capital.

So I had 3 questions. The first one is on the yield on investments. So this number is down about 60 basis points in the last 2 quarters and the overall yields have gone up. So why is the interest income on investment yields going down? So that's one. Second, if you could just highlight what's the cost of deposit? And what is the residual repricing, if any, remaining from the current levels? And thirdly, it's on the treasury gains. So similarly, there seems to be no impact on the treasury gains or FX despite the yield movements and the RBI move. So how should we think about it as we move into the next year on this particular 2 points?

Okay. One thing that you touched upon is about the investment yield. Investment yield had been coming down, as you know, until the geopolitical risk started to increase, right, at which time it started to go up. So it's an effect of what some of the maturing book that goes out and what the new book comes in is one aspect of it. And the second one is in terms of how the yield spike is now, and you will not see that, because given the size of the book, when you pick up a new security at this new yield, it's a drop in the ocean, right? It will take time to bring it in. So all you are seeing is the effect of the previous rate cycle moving in.

Srini, if I can, the geopolitics, the yields, the 10-year G-secs were decisively moving up, right, in the last 6 months specifically, but the book yields have kept going down. So just wondering what's the missing part here?

See, Rikin, I do want you to realize that you should appreciate that there is something called duration. And in the rate cycle, up or down, treasury manages the book they want to do. There are certain duration aspects, which is previously 5-plus years of a duration goes to 4-plus something. So you come on the curve different parts and different cycles. That's one. And second thing is that you don't instantly see. If you look at what the last 2 quarters of rate that has changed, and if you look at the 2 quarters of accretion of investments, you will not see that. It's going to be a fraction of the total book that you are seeing. And then the way you need to look at it is the movement. What is the security that is moving out, that means maturing or participating in OMOs that moves out and what is the security that is coming in. And so that's the in and out. That's a different equation. It's not a simple equation of what you see on the screen of the current yield that you are seeing.

Fair enough. And on the other 2 questions, sir?

The other one you talked about the cost of funds, I think we published the cost of funds, which is about 4.4% or so. It has marginally come down. And then from last year to this year, I think so far, it has come down by 50 basis points or so. And cost of deposits is part of a component of that. And very similarly, it moves down in line with that.

But the residual repricing, if any, any comments on that? Or are we already at the bottom in terms of the cost of funds?

Residual repricing, if everything else remains the same, there will be further reduction coming on the residual, because the time deposit takes 5, 6 quarters or so to go. And so some residual again, remains to be seen in terms of the preferences for what type of deposits coming, yes. All else remaining same, there is a tendency for the repricing to factor in more.

Got it, sir. And sir, the last question on the treasury and FX. Any comments, if any? There seems to be no negative impact in this quarter. So how do we think about it going ahead?

There is some negative impact. If you see that the rate of growth on the treasury income is modest. And the reason for that modest is that -- I'm talking about the FX component of the treasury. It's modest because there is a volume impact. So due to various risks on the foreign exchange trade, there have been lower volumes and lower spreads too. And also in terms of the -- there is some impact of the unwinding that is also there, yes.

Next question is from the line of Abhishek Murarka from HSBC.

So I had a question on the third-party distribution fee. Actually, if I look at it on a full year basis, the growth has been hardly 3.5%. And this is lagging the overall customer growth. This is also, when you compare it to the retail asset, retail liability fee growth, this is lagging quite a bit. So what is really leading to this? Is it just a slowdown, or cross-sell has become more difficult, or refocusing on some products? What's really leading to this lower growth in this line? That's point number one -- question number one, sorry.

The other one is on margins. So you said that there's some repricing of TDs left, which should be positive. But on the other side, the loan mix is gradually changing more towards corporate. How should we look at margins from here for, let's say, the next year? Does it trend down? Or does it flatten out?

Again, I'll first take the third-party products. Yes, the third-party products revenue growth has been modest. Both of those components, which is the volume growth, has also been modest. It's positive, but modest given that whatever preferences the customers have. I think last year was somewhat -- there was a good amount of spike that we saw as we entered into the fourth quarter -- FY '25. And so that was part of -- there's some volume kind of tepidness that we have seen.

The second thing is in terms of spreads. That is the mix of products that determine the spreads has also impacted. So we have seen that the earnings, that means our earnings on the third-party commission is also subject to mix of products that get taken. And so the mix also had an unfavorable impact. So that means lower realization of income there. That's the reason for the contribution.

So Srini, on the mix, so lower life sales, is it? And is that like temporary? Or is some change in process or something which has led to it, or is it just coincidental and nothing really to read into it? How do we look at it?

Nothing really to read it. It's just a question of our RMs are engaged as much as they are engaged today versus they were engaged last year. It's a function of what the preference is. And that is why you saw even the product preference is somewhat different. So it's a question of how we get on more customers and spread it around to be much more penetrated. We still have only a mid-single-digit penetration in our base. And so the opportunity space continues to be there, enormous opportunity space continues to be there.

Again, you talked about the NIM, which is the second part of the question. Again, just to repeat, right, the transmission has happened on the assets and the mix of assets can impact depending on what it is. The cost of funds, while time deposit repricing can continue to be there, again, it depends on the rate cycle, what happens. You see that there's a stiffness in the rates across, right? For the last, I think, at least 4 months, we have not seen a time deposit rate change in the market, right? And we are fairly priced with the competition. And we're not seeing 4 months of any kind of a change that has happened, which again, as one would give some time for change, you have seen that there are other things in the month of March, the geopolitical things that come about that has hardened the rates again. So it remains to be seen, but it's range bound is what I would say, but focus more on the returns, because if this becomes kind of where it continues to be within a small range bound, then we work towards getting returns to be stable to going up through other levers.

Next question is from the line of Piran Engineer from CLSA India.

Congratulations. [Technical Difficulty].

Piran, sorry, we are losing your audio.

Piran, kindly repeat because we lost your voice.

Sir, we have lost the line for the participant. Ladies and gentlemen, we will take that as the last question as we have come to the end of the time allotted for the call. I would now like to hand the conference over to Mr. Vaidyanathan for closing comments.

Thank you. Thank you all for participating today. We are closing at the appointed time, which is 5:00 p.m., because we have another meeting scheduled soon after this. If there are any more questions, comments to be provided, please feel free to contact our Investor Relations team. We'll be happy to engage with you over the next few days, weeks, whatever it takes. Thank you. Have a great weekend. Bye-bye.

Thank you very much. On behalf of HDFC Bank Limited, that concludes this conference. Thank you for joining us, and you may now disconnect your lines. Thank you.

Ladies and gentlemen, good day, and welcome to HDFC Bank investor call. [Operator Instructions] Please note that this conference is being recorded.

I now hand the conference over to Mr. Srinivasan Vaidyanathan. Thank you, and over to you, Mr. Vaidyanathan.

Okay. Thank you, Renju. Good morning to all. Thanks for joining at short notice. We have with us Mr. Keki Mistry, Interim Part-Time Chairman and also he chairs the Stakeholders Relationship Committee. We also have a few other Board members on this call. We have Dr. Mrs. Sunita Maheshwari, Chairperson of the ESG Committee. We have Mrs. Lily Vadera, Chairperson of the Risk Policy and Monitoring Committee. We have Mr. Harsh Bhanwala, Chairperson of the Governance and Nomination Committee and also a member of the Audit Committee. We also have Sashi Jagdishan, our CEO and Managing Director. We have Mrs. Renu Karnad, who chairs a couple of committees and members of several committees in the Board.

Without much ado, I'll hand it over to Mr. Keki Mistry for his opening remarks and take the call from there on. Keki, thank you, and over to you.

Thank you very much, Srini, and good morning, and thank all of you for joining us at such short notice. We would like to address the recent development regarding the resignation of Mr. Atanu Chakraborty as Part-Time Chairman and Independent Director of HDFC Bank Limited. The Board has accepted his resignation with appreciation for his guidance and contribution during his tenure. We wish him the very best in his future endeavors.

On behalf of the Board and in full concert with the executive leadership, I wish to assure all stakeholders that there are no material matters at this point of time. Based on our discussions, there was no specific happenings and practices that were brought to our attention. There were no specific operational or other issues that have been highlighted. The Board's oversight mechanism remains fully operational and our collective commitment to protecting the interest of the institution, depositors, shareholders and all stakeholders is completely and totally unwavering. This disclosure made is complete and transparent in line with regulatory requirements.

The Board and the management oversaw the largest merger in recent years in India's corporate history. The merger's successful completion and continued results have not only boosted the bank's balance sheet, but also given it a stronger presence in key products and services. The merged entity continues to build on its shared values and realize the full potential of its market synergies. The Board remains fully committed to safeguarding institutional resilience and investor confidence. The bank operates with strong governance standards, robust internal controls and an extremely experienced management team. Our strategic direction, business priorities and execution capabilities continue to remain as always.

The Reserve Bank of India has approved my appointment as the Interim Part-Time Chairman for a period of 3 months. The governance architecture that HDFC has built over the decades is grounded in transparency, institutional integrity and long-term value creation. We remain focused on building on our strong legacy and working towards continued value creation for the bank's stakeholders. We share strong value systems, and I am confident of camaraderie and collaboration with the executive management in steadfast execution to meet all stakeholder objectives in an optimal manner. I also want to emphasize, and this is the last statement I'll make, that I would not have taken on this responsibility at the age of 71 if it did not align with my principles and the level of integrity that I would expect from the bank. So thank you, everyone.

And Sashi, would you like to say something?

No. Thank you so much, Keki. I think you have said it all. As I said, we all put in years of experience here. Our biggest treasure that we all have collectively with the members of the Board, each of them are extreme professionals and you, as a Part-Time Chairman, is the trust and the integrity. I mean that is a value system with which we have all grown up, and we've all been mentored in this wonderful umbrella of the brand HDFC, and we are proud of that. We'll continue to ensure that this particular trust is maintained not just now, but sustained for several years going forward. We will not do anything that will bring in ignominy. Of course, there will be a large organization will have errors and omissions. We will continue to address them as we go along, but never will the tone at the top have anything which will have any kind of embarrassment to anyone, including our own conscience. Thank you so much.

With that, Renju, we can open up the lines for questions.

[Operator Instructions] First question comes from the line of Kunal Shah with Citigroup.

Firstly, maybe you indicated that at least there are no material matter that bank is aware about or no specific happenings or operational issue. But maybe for such a strong wordings in the resignation letter, what do you think would have actually triggered that maybe that it's mentioned that it's not in congruence with his personal values and maybe ethics. So if you can highlight if there is something which would have triggered the friction which would have got created?

And the second question is, again, maybe it coincides the reappointment term of MD and CEO, which is now due in next 7 months. So how -- since there are like Board members also who are there on the call, maybe in terms of whether what would be the impact with respect to the MD and CEO reappointment, and maybe the application which would be made to the RBI, any time line which you can suggest in terms of how should we look through in terms of this development over the next 2, 3 months here.

So let me try and answer that question, and then maybe some of my colleagues on the Board can also step in. Firstly, let me say that we are not -- none of us as Board members are aware of what are the specific issues which Mr. Chakraborty wrote in his letter. The Board members asked him yesterday, and he didn't have any -- he didn't give any specific explanation.

As regards Sashi's appointment, it is something that will be considered by the Remuneration Committee, by the Nomination and Remuneration Committee. There is still time to do that. And obviously, at the appropriate time, the committee will meet and we will take it up in the Board. Nothing changes as far as that is concerned.

Okay. And in terms of time line, so maybe generally 6 months prior to the reappointment, we see it getting applied?

I'm sure the NRC will meet in the near future and take a call. But Sashi is part of the bank. He's been running the bank successfully for the last many years. And we all hope that we will continue to work with the same devotion that he has over these years.

Next question comes from the line of Kaitav Shah with Anand Rathi.

Sir, in terms of -- am I audible?

Yes, you are.

So in terms time line, there was an additional message that was received by the investors that you all received the resignation a day before yesterday and the Board...

It was yesterday.

And sir, so within that time line, you were also approved by the RBI to become Interim Chairman. So that happened very quickly. If you can just tell us what happened within that time line.

All right. So let me answer that. I'm right now in Delhi. I'm not in Bombay. I was in Delhi yesterday also. There was a Board meeting in the evening. after the Board meeting got over and Atanu-ji gave his resignation letter, some of the directors of the bank went and met RBI, spoke to them, and that is the time RBI approved. So it happened at very short notice. It did not come with a 1-day lag or a 2-day lag as you may have indicated. The letter was received by the bank yesterday evening, and they met the RBI later on in the evening after the meeting is over.

Next question comes from the line of Suresh Ganapathy with Macquarie.

Yes. So Keki, was the issue with Mr. Chakraborty there for a long period of time? You definitely would have minuted in all the Board meetings the kind of disagreement that he would be having because these things don't happen overnight, right, Keki? So it's been a 2-, 3-year process perhaps. The press is quoting there is a power struggle and he wanted to operate on an executive side, again, strictly going by what CNBC is saying. Has there been a long period point of differences over the course of last 3, 4 years?

Well, differences on minor issues do come up from time to time, but there was nothing material whatsoever, let me reassure you. In no Board meeting, has there been any kind of complete differences of opinion or anything of that sort. And the Board minutes will reflect that. Relationship, I mean, human beings are human beings, there will always be some relationship issue between individuals. Those kinds of things happen. There was no power struggle in the bank, as you put it, Suresh. The bank works, the entire bank, the management team in the bank works as a cohesive unit and to my mind, will continue to work as a cohesive unit.

When this thing happened yesterday evening, the first thing the Board members did to people who are in Bombay, they met RBI, spoke to RBI. RBI gave their approval for making me Interim Chairman for a period of 3 months to just stabilize things and then move on. So that's the background. And differences of opinion and differences of views may always be there between individuals, but there was nothing, I repeat, nothing substantive. Nothing whatsoever. And believe me, as I mentioned earlier, at the age of 71, I would not take on this responsibility for 3 months if the systems, processes, governance practices in the bank did not align with my principles and my level of integrity.

That is reassuring. Just one more thing. Of course, we talked about power struggle at the Board.

There was no power struggle. There was no power struggle at the Board, absolutely nothing.

But what about power struggle at the employee level between the CEO or the DMD or the CXOs? Just again, that also comes in. Is this also functioning well?

No, no. Keki, you can join, but I would like to address that question of young Suresh. Number one is Kaizad is a very dear colleague, and I have the highest regard and respect for him. We have worked together. Unfortunately, I do not know what kind of stories are going around. But today, that man handles the entire business, the asset business of the balance sheet, which is -- which reflects the kind of respect and stature that he commands within the organization, both at the Board level and at the management level as well. So that will continue.

In fact, he will only get more responsibilities as we move forward. And the very fact that we were all unanimous both at the Board level to send his name for yet another term as a Deputy Managing Director reflects that, and we are extremely happy that the approvals have come, and he's going to be there for next 3 years, which is going to be one of our best years in the history of the bank. Thank you.

Okay. That's clear. Keki, you want to add something or this is fine?

No, I would add to what Sashi said. There is complete, let me repeat, complete and absolute unity in the management team.

Sorry, just one last question. I have to squeeze in. How are the regulators -- you have in Delhi, you are, of course, met. How are the regulators, the government, the SEBI, the Board, everybody is looking at this particular thing because you need to get the shoo-in of the regulators at this point in time, right? So can you give us a clarity on that matter.

I have not come to Delhi to meet anyone. I come on a personal visit with my wife. So I'm strictly on a holiday today. But -- so I've not met anyone in the government. And RBI, my colleagues on the Board went and met them yesterday, and maybe someone may want to speak on that.

So I was -- there were 2 whole-time members and 2 independent members who had visited the regulator. The regulator heard us out. He obviously was very supportive of the fact by his demonstration of approving Keki Mistry's appointment as an Interim Part-Time Chairman in the shortest possible time, that reflects, as Keki mentioned, a very strong messaging to the world at large. And I think they have been undertaking a lot of their supervision -- in their supervision -- supervisory cycle, a lot of examinations, both off-site and on-site, which we have navigated right over the last 5 years in the recent past.

And I think we have been -- whilst these examinations are not in the public domain, but I guess the fact that we continue to remain in our positions says it all, where there has been an extreme amount of confidence to the respective independent committees, whether it's the Audit Committee, whether it's the Risk Policy Committee, which are the fulcrum in terms of governance controls. And of course, we have the NRC committee. These are all manned by independent directors with strong vintage, credibility, experience and stature and some of them are on this call.

And they have -- as I said, they have very comfortable with the functioning of these committees, who, in turn, oversees the operations in every aspect of it, whether it's risk management, whether it's compliance management, whether it's audit management, et cetera. Yes, any organization, whether small or big, will have issues, but these are all addressed at every point in time. And whatever is spending would have a lot of time lines, and these are the things that goes on in a very normal and a calm manner.

Next question comes from the line of Prashant Periwal with BlackRock.

Look, so far, whatever I've heard on this call, it doesn't make me any wiser than I was an hour ago, right? So like we've not seen like Chairman in India resign and quoting that they did not like what was going on. It's basically a very scratchy remark, right? People could resign because of personal reasons. Generally, that's what we see in India. So there is something. Would you kind of open up and try and build some confidence with your investors, like what would exactly was it? Because he was the Chairman of the bank. I mean it was not like any other employee that resigned saying something and means nothing.

Look, I can only say that at the Board level, there has never ever been any kind of a discussion on any matter which is contentious in terms of governance, where appropriate if there has been any minor issue here and there, these issues have been tackled appropriately. What caused that letter to be sent yesterday is something which really, to my mind, defies logic. But any of my Board members would like to -- or any of my colleagues would like to step in and say something. I'm not aware of any issue on the bank.

Sorry to interject here. So look, if it is too early and you guys have no idea why it was happening, so how can you say there is nothing behind it?

Because the bank has a very strong risk management process. The bank has a very strong audit process. The bank is a systemically important bank and therefore, gets supervised continuously by RBI on a regular basis. We, the Board carries out various kinds of audits of different functions. And there has never been anything from a governance standpoint to my mind, which has come to the attention of the Board.

Sashi, do you have anything to add here?

No, I think Keki has sort of added whatever very well. It just encompasses all our thoughts and feelings on the same.

If any other Board member would like to speak up, please do so.

I'm Harsh Bhanwala. I head the GNRC. And I can assure you, we hold highest regard for our conduct rules, and we believe strongly in sound governance. He was a member of the committee, the outgoing Chairman. And all the discussions that happened within the committee, the resolution was unanimous. There was no difference of opinion by anyone. And bank and the management of the bank, whatever various committees have said have taken due cognizance of that in line of the principles of regulation and governance, which are required and has come up to the expectations of employees as well as independent directors on almost all issues.

So you were in the Board meeting, let me ask you this, right? I mean the Chairman tenders a resignation saying, there is something he's not happy with. And you guys say, okay, fine resolution accepted without asking him like what is it? This is what we are asking like what is it, like small or big trivial serious, whatever that is.

I think Sashi was there in the meeting yesterday and all the members were there and Keki joined over phone call. All of us had asked him what are the reasons behind this and he says, personally, I have no issues. It could be my value systems, et cetera, which are different, but he didn't say anything on regulatory aspects of the bank. It was all sound. He agreed with us.

In fact, we had repeatedly asked him for -- to tell us why, what has triggered this and if there was anything we have to set it right, but he said there was nothing, and that was a bit baffling.

Next question comes from the line of Prashant Poddar with ADIA.

Am I audible?

Yes, you are.

It's quite strange here, this is from ADIA. This is quite strange that we are getting these kind of letters from Chairman of the largest private bank in India. So is there no -- if someone has to kind of insinuate towards something, there should be explanation in the letter, else this is scathing and rather than sending regards, the bank should ask RBI to investigate what -- because this is -- banking business is that of reputation, right? You cannot let some -- this is reputation maligning kind of letter. That's all we felt after seeing the letter. That's all from my side.

Yes. Thank you very much. Obviously, the Board will meet soon, and we will take a call on what to do. But as I mentioned to you, many of the Board members went and met RBI, the regulator and RBI is fully in the picture, fully in the loop and the fact that they are comfortable with what is going on in the bank is reflected in the fact that within a short period of time, they approved my appointment for 3 months just to stabilize things.

No, we appreciate and our best wishes are with you. We agree that it's -- I mean, it's not some consumer business. It's a banking business, fully governed by a good Board, I mean, members of RBI are on the Board. So best wishes and hope that the bank comes out as clean as always out of it.

I'm extremely confident. I am extremely confident the bank will come out very clean. We have really truly the highest standards of governance. And as I said, I believe very strongly in governance. Personally, I would never remain on the Board if I had the slightest doubt about governance.

Next question comes from the line of Ankur Mishra with ET Now.

Just wanted to make a sense of the comments, which has been made so far regarding HDFC Bank Chairman resignation. You have said that the Board is not aware regarding what are the reasons which Atanu Chakraborty would have had. Fair point, but it is also kind of a repetition loss when somebody has mentioned in the letter that these are ethics issues, and he has clearly mentioned even the time period of 2 months. Sir, I want to understand that will Board in the capacity will seek an answer from Atanu Chakraborty? And second question is that what are the learnings so far from this incident?

Well, I'll be trying and answer that very quickly. Look, I think to my mind, there is a -- there could be a relationship issue between him and management. That may have been manifested over a period of time. But leave aside that. Let's talk about governance in the bank. The bank has the strongest form of governance that is possible in a financial institution, number one.

Number two, we are very, very strong on ethics. And as far as us seeking some explanation from Mr. Chakraborty, the Board will, of course, meet very, very soon and take a call on how to take it forward. But as some of my colleagues mentioned, I was not in Mumbai yesterday, so I was partly in the meeting on the call. As my colleagues mentioned, he was asked why he -- what were the issues which we had, what were the lapses in governance that he sort of indicated. And again, you heard from my colleagues, he did not say anything.

Mr. Mishra, are you done with the question?

Yes. One more thing I want to understand when you're saying the appointment of the new Chairman, so how soon the process will start, if you can apply on that as well.

These are too premature questions now. The Board will, of course, meet in due course to take the various regulators into confidence and then take a call on the new Chairman. There's still 3 months to go. For 3 months, I will remain the Interim Chairman.

Next question comes from the line of Seshadri Sen with Emkay Global Financial Services Limited.

Two questions. One was just asked in terms of time lines for the replacement because I also wanted to clarify that you will have to appoint a new independent director in place of Mr. Chakraborty. So how long do you think that would take? And what is the process for the entire appointment of the new Chairman and the new independent director?

Well, this is too premature at this point to talk about this incident, I mean, this resignation happened yesterday. There is a full 3-month period during which period of time the Board will meet, take a call on who should be the full-time or the Non-Executive Chairman or the independent director will become a Chairman in future. There is plenty of time to do that. And the Board will, of course, meet and take a call in consultation with the regulator, in consultation with RBI and SEBI.

Second question is just seeking reassurance that the operationally, the bank has been starting to report incrementally very strong performance, and there's been conversation in your conference calls that you're looking to step up growth. Just wanted reassurance that this will not impact that operational performance and the plan to step on the gas as it were in terms of growth in the coming quarters is unchanged.

Seshadri, Sashi will answer that question. But before he does, let me reassure you that what happened yesterday has nothing whatsoever to do with the operational profitability of the bank. None of that changes, and the bank will permit to do whatever it has said in its calls that it would do. Sashi, would you like to step in and say something?

Sure. Thank you, Keki, for that. Seshadri, number one, I think this is an unfortunate event. But as I said, the -- we are in an economy which is very strong and resilient amidst the turmoil. So I think we should -- as all -- we should be very proud of the positioning in our economy. The bank has had a wonderful merger. Any merger takes time, but the fruits of the merger will start to play out. And we have committed, so we are very well positioned to move ahead in the manner that we have committed earlier. We have a strong Board with professionals who have really been the eyes and ears from a governance, risk management, et cetera, and compliance and audit controls. So we're grateful that oversight is very strong.

We have a strong depth in management, which is something that is always one of our fortes. We have technology, which is going to be -- will surprise us over the next couple of years. So the best of the bank is going to come, and we are all very eager, at least now, as Keki just mentioned, the camaraderie and the cohesiveness that this Board and the management is going to have is going to be very positive for the institution. Thank you.

And I appreciate your doing a call at such short notice, and I'm sure the bank will bounce back very strongly.

Next question comes from the line of Shiva Natarajan with Principal Asset Management.

I think a lot of others have also asked the same question, but it just seems puzzling that the outgoing Chairman has written some strong words like happenings at the bank for 2 years, congruence with personal -- or not in congruence with personal values and ethics. These are very, very strong words. And all I'm hearing is there was nothing specific. It just seems very difficult to believe that there was nothing that you can tell us. But I've heard your answer. So I just wanted to give my view at this point.

Well, I agree with you. It is a little baffling at this point of time. We will, of course, get to the root of it in due course. But as I mentioned earlier and as some of the other Board members also mentioned, the Board inquired or checked with Mr. Chakraborty on the specific reasons, which were -- where he believed that there was a difference between his thinking and the bank's thinking, and he did not have anything specific to respond to. There were relationship issues, human beings, there are relationship issues between people, but that is not material at this point of time. Let me tell you that the Board is completely cohesive. The Board is completely united. And the management team, most importantly, is also completely united.

Renju, we'll take one more last question, please.

Next question comes from the line of Gopika from Reuters.

You mentioned that Kaizad does not have -- will be given further responsibilities, but I believe he's not on the call.

Kaizad has had to go for a health checkup, his routine health checkup today, which is pre organized. I think the members did not want that to be changed. I think -- but otherwise, he would have been on the call, and he will be probably in the call. If at all, we have other calls in -- from tomorrow onwards.

Right. And could you describe what more responsibilities he would be given?

Yes. As I said, as we move forward, we will sort of reexamine our organization structure. And with the consent and the advice of the Board, we will announce it at the appropriate time.

Can you tell us what that could be?

No. Not at this juncture without my -- without the approval of the Board, which I will take it up to them at the right time. Post the financial year closure.

Could we expect this before March end? When could we expect it?

No. No. No.

There have been -- sorry, yes, sir.

Gopika, what I'm saying is in a large organization, there will always be some organizational restructuring that happens from time to time, which is what Sashi was alluding to, but nothing specific in mind.

Right. There have been several tweets by an anonymous Twitter handle regarding various senior members of the bank and the kind of cases that have come up against them. Have these issues been discussed at the Board level? Have these concerns be looked at?

These are looked at consistently, continuously by the Remuneration Committee, the Nomination and Remuneration Committee. Mr. Bhanwala, who's the Chairman of the Committee is on the call, and he will -- I request him to speak for a couple of minutes. But let me reassure you, every issue that has been brought to our attention has been discussed in detail and appropriate action has been taken in every single instance.

Harsh-ji, would you like to say something?

Yes, yes. For sure. Thank you, Keki. I'm Harsh Bhanwala. I've been earlier the Chairman of NABARD. And ever since we joined here, we have in this -- I found in this bank a very well laid out process of handling complaints as well as anonymous complaints. So all of these complaints or references in social media, which impacts bank, the prominent ones are examined and brought before the Audit Committee. Audit Committee deliberates on it and sends it to whistleblower if it is that or some other kind of mechanism which exists in the bank. They examine all these things in details and the inquiries is put up to the Audit Committee, I'm a member there, and we examine it thoroughly.

And based on some of the things found, if at all, then the same is forwarded to accountability -- for accountability fixation in the normal course. And there is an advisory committee within the bank, which is headed by Kaizad and another whole-time member is a member of that committee and ethics officer of the bank is there. And after all that process, if some things are there, which emerge as charges or culpability, et cetera, we take due note of the same, and we will not hesitate if something adverse is found against individuals. And we have done that in the past as well.

Right. Does this indicate to an extended tenure that you have given to some of these members who've been with the bank for so long? Is the bank looking at, when you're saying reorganization, are you looking at giving shorter tenures to some of these members going forward?

I would request Sashi to answer that because that's management's prerogative. And we -- after that, we take into consideration the recommendations of the management and examine it.

Yes, Harsh-ji, I think these are too premature questions. If at all, there are any such proposals. We will take it to the Nomination and Remuneration Committee with a proposal, and we collectively will agree with what are the structures that is going to be -- that will benefit the organization. I'm not -- we don't have anything that is there in our minds at this juncture. But surely, we will have a very intense and cohesive engagement between the management and the Board now, which was always the fulcrum for all these years, but even more now in the events that have just developed. But -- and we'll assure you that it's going to be a kind of a joint partnership that will come out at the end.

Ladies and gentlemen, that was the last question for today. We have reached the end of question-and-answer session. I would now like to hand the conference over to CFO, Mr. Srinivasan Vaidyanathan for closing comments.

Thank you very much. Sashi, any closing comments from your side before we can close this. I

Will go to Keki after that.

Yes. I would like to thank all of you to have joined in at a short notice. I would also like to thank the Board members who are on the call, who have also joined at a very, very short notice. Thank you for that. Last but not least is the fact that we all have to move on. We have Keki Mistry as the Part-Time Interim Chairman. The management shares a great camaraderie and cohesiveness with him and the Board members. We believe that this is going to be extremely positive from a fructuous relationship with the bank.

I continue to maintain, and I'm sure you've heard Keki in the past, the economy probably is in the sweet spot amidst turmoil in the world. The bank is now well positioned. We had a trajectory that -- and we are on path to that trajectory. I think you will see the kind of growth that we have used to premerger coming back. We have a strong Board, which is what everyone probably had not seen in the past. We're very fortunate that they have been the pillars of governance all these years, and I'm extremely proud of the members who have -- who come out with a lot of constructive suggestions and advice on the Board and take very dispassionate decisions. And we have always worked on pillars of trust and value system. We continue to do that, and that will be one of our strongest points in this foundation of this organization and the brand.

Technology is going to be a differentiator, and you will see it more happening over the year and 2, and that is going to be kind of a surprise to all of us and to you as well. So the best of the bank is going to now start, and we are all eagerly waiting for that particular opportunity to unveil and unravel as we move forward. Thank you very much for all your support.

Thank you, Sashi. We'll get back to Chair, Keki.

Srini, I'll just make one closing comment, which is that the HDFC Group over the last -- I've been working in the group. I was -- I joined in HDFC in 1981, and then we started the life insurance, general insurance, bank, asset management, all of that. And the one fundamental belief that all of us have had over the years is good governance. So please believe me, we have the strongest form of governance in the bank. There is nothing wrong from an ethical perspective, and we will -- in the coming years and coming months, the performance of the bank will also reflect that. Thank you.

Thank you very much, Keki. With that, we can conclude today's call. I appreciate you all dialing in. Have a great day. Bye-bye.

Thank you all.

Thank you.

Thank you. On behalf of HDFC Bank, that concludes this conference. Thank you for joining us. You may now disconnect your lines.

Ladies and gentlemen, good day, and welcome to HDFC Bank Limited Q3 FY '26 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Please note that this conference is being recorded. I now hand the conference over to Mr. Srinivasan Vaidyanathan, Chief Financial Officer, HDFC Bank. Thank you, and over to Mr. Vaidyanathan.

Okay. Thank you. Thank you, Nirav. Good evening, and a warm welcome to all the participants. At the outset, I know that it's 6:15, 15 minutes behind schedule. We had another meeting we had to conclude and come. Apologies for that, but we'll take as many questions as possible and extend where required. With that, without much ado, we'll straight go into the opening remarks by our CEO and MD. And then we'll -- and we have our DMD Kaizad, any comments we'll take, and we'll go straight to Q&A after that. Sashi, over to you first, and then we'll take it from there.

Good evening, friends. Thank you very much for joining in on a Saturday evening. I know it's rather late, but always appreciate your being here on a Saturday evening. I think we've just sort of declared the results, and you probably would have seen the financial numbers. We're reasonably sanguine and happy about the outcome that has happened. It's in line with our expectations.

Looking back, I think the credit growth buildup has been extremely encouraging. We set our sights on a very balanced credit across customer segments. The easing rate cycle and the benign credit has provided catalysts for the credit growth. The CRR release enabled credit deployment slightly ahead of our expectations.

As regards to funding, the funding through deposits, we continue to maintain rate discipline, and that has been extremely key. Core individual retail customer segments were seen to be quite strong. For both current and savings, having focused on granular segments have given us encouraging outcomes. And more of this, I'm sure Srini will sort of give the numbers. We did, however, fall short of our strong ambitions, but we are confident that continued focus on our strengths will bring the expected outcomes.

On the growth, profitable growth, as mentioned earlier, cost of funds has moved down, reflecting the tailwind effects. CASA growth has been positive. Cost has been under control as productivity improvements have brought in efficiencies. Credit, which has always been our USP, remains best-in-class, allowing us to deliver stable returns as we pivot to the next stage of growth.

Looking ahead, the regulator and government continue to be focused on supporting economic and credit growth. At the same time, optimally managing external factors. During the quarter, availability of liquidity was impacted due to some of these. We saw enhanced activity in open market operations and FX swaps to combat some of these challenges. India has demonstrated stable political conditions and consistent policy regime. This has led to being one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world. Growth with subdued inflation management was at the top of the order, and hence, we believe and we are very optimistic about outpacing loan growth in the coming year in FY '27, as we had sort of mentioned to you all along for the last 18 months.

Liquidity and benign credit costs provide us a lot of runway to grow. Overall, liquidity in the country is expected to stabilize post trade deals. The foundations are in place to build deposits to fund loan growth. We are expanding our -- we continue to expand our customer base. We are now intensifying customer engagement primarily and largely focused on granular mobilizations. We are aligning pricing with segmented approach, and we shall see that in the coming quarters as well.

There's been a lot of talk on the CD ratio. We did sort of drop our CD ratio to significantly since the merger to March '25. As you know, the kind of indicator is not necessarily on the radar for the -- from a regulatory perspective. Having said that, we believe that our glide path to lowering of CD ratio will continue. It's an important focus for sustainable profitability. I completely acknowledge. The cycle -- the easing cycle with credit growth focus in the country surely needs our participation. So the speed of CD ratio movement depends on how we are able to provide funding in the system at rational rates. But having said that, we're very confident that whatever we seem to have committed in the last 2 years, I think by March, I think we should see and by March '27 -- '26 and '27, we should sort of achieve all the -- most of the committed metrics that we have laid out for.

I would like to say that under the current scenario, we don't think that we shall be constrained by the CD ratio. To reiterate, we are confident that it will be on a downward glide path. I would also like to reiterate that we shall meet the glide path that we had indicated earlier in terms of the growth, our top line growth, which is in line with the system this financial year and faster than the system in the next financial year.

In summary, I have a great appreciation for our customers for partnering with us, and I have the greatest gratitude to all our 200,000 staff who are pillars making this place work successfully. We are confident of the path forward that we have set for ourselves. Thank you very much, and we have all of us here, Kaizad, Srini, and the team here to take on any questions that you may have. Thank you.

[Operator Instructions] First question is from the line of Mahrukh Adajania, an analyst.

Sir, my first question is on the LDR. You did allude to it. But when do you think now you would reach an LDR, say, close to 90% or below 90%, like any time frame? So that's my first question. And my second question really is on agri compliance. So two large banks have been asked by RBI to make provisions on a certain agri portfolio because of noncompliance issues, provisions of INR 12 billion to INR 13 billion. So as we stand today in terms of your agri portfolio, do you think there is full compliance or there could be some issues somewhere given that it's a large portfolio, it's spread out across the country. And do you think you would be liable to such provisions in the future?

Okay. Thank you, Mahrukh. I'll take that. The first thing you touched upon is the LDR from a timing point of view. I think Sashi alluded to that we are committed on the glide path of taking it towards the downward glide path, and we continue to be in that. But on a quarter-to-quarter basis, it is slightly different. And that's because of the seasonality and the opportunity. And you know that in the recent time period, the further opportunity was also provided with the easing cycle and the credit growth focus in the industry as well as the CRR release, which provided that ample opportunity to do that. So given that, we do expect that over the next 1 year to 2 years, we would be getting down further into the levels that we had previously been there, call it, the 90s or low 90s and so on. And that's the level of confidence we have and the pillars that are required to drive that are in place to do that. That's one.

The second one is in terms of the agri that you asked about, the regulatory kind of impact, if any. Our regulatory inspection is also complete. And whatever required according to the regulatory requirement, there was about INR 5 billion or so thereabouts, which have been taken in the overall context of our book and our results, if you see, they have been absorbed within that, and there is no special and we have had certain other things that were there. And so in future, we need to operate in a model that is acceptable with the regulatory. So that -- whatever is that, that's an ongoing process of what we do. Any one-time is already subsumed and it is there.

And as far as the calibration that we need to do on the agri consequent to those kind of things, recalibration of our book due to the scale of finance, so that what is indeed an agri and what is outside of the scale of finance, scale of finance is the one that determines how much is required for the farm and how much of that is over and above the farm requirement by the farmer. Those evaluations we will take and go through that process to calibrate that. That's in terms of the future impact on that.

But did the INR 5 billion come this quarter only then?

Yes, it is already subsumed in December.

In December. Okay. And what would be the size of the portfolio? Any such indication you could give?

Our agri portfolio is published. You'll be able to see the...

No, the size of the portfolio on which the provision was taken.

No, that's not something -- that's not consequent to this at all because it depends on loan item and what is the scale of finance on each one and so on. But at an aggregate level, that's the kind of level.

Next question is from the line of Kunal Shah from Citigroup.

Yes. So again, getting on to the question on LDR and deposit growth in particular. So if we want to get the LDRs down and still want to grow loans above the industry average comfortably, then we need to see the acceleration in the deposit growth. And you said like pillars which are required are very much in place. So any reason maybe for a slightly slower deposit growth this quarter? Otherwise, we will need like almost 500, 600 basis points higher than the industry average deposit growth now to get the LDRs down. And any rundown in the bulk deposits, which have been there in this quarter? And if you can quantify that?

See, let me take this and maybe Srini and Kaizad can add into this if required. Kunal, if you recall, we gave a broad range. Number one is there is no regulatory what shall I say, benchmark or a requirement to meet a loan deposit ratio. Was it there as a bit of a nudge when the outlook was negative or when the system outlook was a little tight, liquidity is tight in the period when inflation was moving up and rates were moving up and there was a little bit of a concern on the credit quality of the system. There were certain preventive measures that the regulator had said that try and ensure that you bring down the LDR or maintain a certain stability in LDR. That is the -- at that point in time. Whether that -- whether there is a number that you need to meet, I don't think there is any compulsion. But in our own interest, we had given a kind of a glide path wherein we had said that we will come to a certain number in FY '25, which we achieved. We said we will try and be in a range of somewhere between 90% to 96% in the year FY '26, which is what we will be is what we are very confident about.

And then maybe by FY '27, by the natural growth and even with the growth in the way we are expecting in terms of faster growth rate, I think we should land somewhere around the 85% to 90% for FY '27. We continue to believe that this is going to be there. It's not an easy thing, as we have said, of course, but we know what are the strategies we need to do. There were certain tactical measures we could have taken in the third quarter. We chose not to, but that's all right. I mean these are sometimes learnings we probably may have missed, but we know what are the things to be done to bring about these kind of meeting our glide paths that we have committed in the broader sense on a longer -- medium- to longer-term basis.

So as regards the kind of deposit growth that is required, I think the pace at which we are growing deposits in line with the top line growth that is more or less matching 11-plus percentage in the second year -- in this year should -- and probably slightly faster, which is what we normally do in the fourth quarter, like most -- what we have done in the past, should lead us to the kind of range that we are -- we have committed to. And we are very confident that, one, as we have a clear cut, as I said, all things remaining same with whatever we are seeing in the macro, we should believe that the growth runway opportunities for growth and hence, in the deposit requirements other than certain events that may happen, which you and I will not be able to predict now, we are reasonably confident that we will land -- and as Srini mentioned, don't look at quarter-to-quarter movements. We are on a -- you look at on an annual basis or on a medium- to long-term basis, the trends will be in that kind of period. So I think the inflection has started. We had to contain ourselves in FY '25 for all the right reasons. I think now we are opening up, the engine is opening up, and you will start to see this kind of a consistency in the trajectory that we have laid out for ourselves.

Sure. And anything on bulk deposits rundown, quantification, if possible?

More than quantification. I mean, Kunal, that's part of the business. There are certain segments that we patronize. I think Sashi mentioned about where rate discipline has been the key. And to some extent, we participate for relationships and certain extent, we don't need it, we don't go there. But on the whole, if you look at the retail or non-retail, retail, there are individuals in retail, which have been phenomenally growing and growing. There are certain non-individuals in retail, which is branch related. It could be institutions, trust and HUFs and whatnot. Examples of some non-individual but branch related, where we have had some lower levels of growth.

And there are certain other customer segments which we have seen, particularly capital market segments where it has been low, where we have not paid rates as much as what the market has demanded or what the competition has offered. And that is what you see that is reflected in our cost of funds. If you look at our cost of funds is down by about 10 basis points, 11 basis points or so in the quarter. So we're trying to manage it growth with the profitability, and that is what you are seeing, right? So segment to segment, time to time, it changes, but at least you've got a color of how we operated in the recent time period.

So you're right, Kunal. Just to supplement what Srini is saying. The focus -- the good part is retail has grown very steadily and very -- and all these are the granular ones. I'm very happy with that. If the non-retail, tactically, we did not sort of offer the kind of market rates that were there. And we said it's all right because we did sort of know for the kind of growth that we needed, that is good enough.

Got it. And one last question on labor code. So the impact of almost INR 8-odd billion, looking at our employee cost and then comparing maybe the labor code impact vis-a-vis the employee cost for others. For us, it seems to be relatively on the higher side, more than 10% of the employee cost, not so much for the other banks. So is it more of an estimation which has been done? And what would be the recurring impact which would be there on the cost as such?

Good point. Thanks for raising that. One, it is an estimate given whatever information that we have. And that estimate is driven through an actuarial process, right? So you go through the normal process of how you do and there is an actuarial valuation and determination of how do you do. Again, that is -- there is some signs in that, but it is based on certain assumptions that come. That's the second thing. The third thing is that variables. When you look at these variables, the definition of what is wage, what are determined to be wage inclusion, exclusion, the rule-making on that is pending. You know that, right? So there are some assumptions that go for one of the variables that go into those assumptions, and that is not based on determined rules, that is based on some assumed things. So that's the second -- third thing.

The next item is the -- that individual organizations can be very different because of the longevity of the staff that you see there. So that determines on how long and what is the kind of tenure and so on and so forth, both historical and anticipated. And so many other factors like that go into play. So at this time, I would just ask you to take it as a higher estimate based on best available information and through a scientific actuarial process that has come. And as and when the rule-making evolves, as and when more information is available, this will be evolved. And again, we can -- I can't venture to come out with a forward-looking or what impact on an ongoing basis, cannot do at this time. And the reason being that we need to have all of these in place before we can get there. And that is why this is not determined at an employee level to say next month when somebody retires, this is the kind of amount that it can come or what will be the amount determined for a [indiscernible] and so on and so forth. It cannot be determined at this stage. This is a really high level based on best estimate.

Next question is from the line of Chintan from Autonomous.

May I get into the LDR again, please? So Sashi, please, did I hear you correctly when you said 85% to 90% by FY '27? That seems to be aggressive to me. If I look at consensus numbers, it's expecting 13% loan growth and 93% LDR. If you are going to achieve kind of the 90% in the next fiscal year, that suggests a very strong deposit growth number. And I know you've kind of said that you want to prioritize growth now. So it's not piling up. So if you could help to...

Chintan, thanks for asking. Maybe then let me -- I've given you a broad range because I don't want to box myself with a narrow range. But having said that, we have been operating in a range of around the 87%, 88% in the premerger level, 3 years before the merger. And so when I say 90%, of course, I would have meant somewhere around the plus or minus in that particular range of 90%, maybe around the 88%, 89%, et cetera, or it could be 90% to 91% as well.

But why I mentioned this, at least the trend lines that we are saying, if it's -- it can be 96% for FY '26 or a 95%. We are all right. At least the direction is what we are looking at for. We just gave a broad one so that we know what -- if we are lucky to really step up growth or the liquidity changes and we have more benign liquidity and no FX operations or FX swaps or open market operations, maybe then it will be wonderful. So that is why I'm saying since I do not know what's going to be the liquidity condition in this, therefore, I gave a broad range.

But even if I achieve these kind of directions directionally going there, that's something that we can achieve. As I said, there is no regulatory number to comply to. It is just a direction that I think we need to achieve for ourselves, let alone the regulator asking us to do. It is something that we believe just by doing what we are supposed to do will lead us to that kind of thing. I don't have to do anything extra to measure that metric. It will happen. So when we did sort of forecast a faster growth rate for ourselves than the system, we also -- as we have seen, we have been having deposit growth rates in line with normally the top line growth, slightly faster than the loan growth. So estimating that is what we believe where we will land for FY '26 and '27. So don't take it literally that we may be on the lower end of that range. It could be anywhere in that range. Practically speaking, it will be somewhere -- if it's 90% is that range, then somewhere around the 90% is something that we'll be happy with. Similarly, somewhere around the 95% is something that we'll be happy with for FY '26.

Appreciate that. I mean if you're trading off EPS growth for slightly slower ROE improvement, that's fine. I mean that's not the issue, especially if the opportunity is there in the market. So -- but I just wanted to make sure because we have an occupational hazard to kind of do our due diligence in our model. So I just wanted to get that flexibility that you have highlighted now. The second question was around asset quality. Could you -- you've got a unique vantage point, second largest bank in India. Could you give us some idea about any pickup in growth momentum, any pickup -- any issues in asset quality, particularly due to the U.S. tariff or in the MSME area? So it's a combination of is growth improving? And are there any asset quality concerns more broadly, if not in your book?

So if I got the question right, you want to know the trend for asset quality and how it is looking. Across segments and even first at the sectorial, you're well aware that the banking industry right now to borrow a term is going through a Cinderella phase where you've got very strong balance sheets when I refer to that from an asset quality point of view. We have the lowest accretion of gross NPAs and net NPAs are at decadal lows. Mirroring this trend has also been reflective on our books. We have seen very low accretion to gross NPAs. And none of the particular portfolios have indicated any stress building up. So I think the economic environment with the kind of GDP growth that one has seen, the kind of consumption growth that one is seeing as well as the wage increases that one has seen on one hand and on the other, the lowering of the interest rates and affordability, therefore, going up, including the fiscal benefits that were given to not take up much time, I would say the asset quality continues at the bank to be pristine. And as of -- as we see it, there is no particular segment which is showing any major signs of concern. Srini, would you like to...

Perfectly good. There will be seasonality in agri segment...

That is separate...

Outside of that, every segment, including the agri segment period-to-period, if you see, is lower, both from a leading delinquency and into the slippages, which are far lower. And then from there, going into large given default is also lower. You're seeing that the recoveries wherever we are there, that is also. On, an absolute level, good level. Chintan, I hope that gives you a perspective on both sides.

Yes. And just on growth momentum, are you seeing things improve generally in the economy?

In the economy, the growth momentum, yes -- if you look at some of those indicators that we have seen, the -- take the crop cycle itself, very improved. The sowing cycle has improved over prior year, very healthy water reservoir levels have aided that. The manufacturing PMI continues to be in the expansionary zone with many programs that are coming in. Services sector doing very well on the consumption demand side. If you look at the recent time period for card spend, which is important for you to look at, the overall card spend up 15%, 3.4% sequentially.

Within the card spend, when we look at the discretionary category of card spends, the discretionary category spends have grown 21% year-on-year. The nondiscretionary, which is the bread and butter normal activity is about 13% up. So that indicates that when the kind of a discretionary spend goes up, people do go and indulge. That's what you're seeing there. On the other side, we do see revolver rates not picking up. So which means people are spending to pay down. So there are certain other segments of the society, which is what is spending. So on an overall level, I would say that similarly, you've seen the auto and the tractors and so on. 2-wheeler has been somewhat less than expected, but then the 4-wheeler autos and the tractors type have done exceedingly well. And you're seeing some of that reflected in the aggregate level GDP output that gets reported too.

Next question is from the line of Nitin Aggarwal from Motilal Oswal.

I have a question on the branch productivity and deposits now that we are so hopeful about the deposits pickup and targeting at close to 90% kind of a number. So like if you look back as to what kind of experiences that we used to have in terms of the branch vintage and the deposit buildup, has -- is that kind of sustaining in the recent years because the deposit growth is just not picking up at the system level and that are some of the key constraint across banks with LDRs, the number that we are seeing across many banks. And related to this, own branch kind of over the years has been like coming off from pretty high number now to every successive year, we are opening more branches. So do we...

Nitin repeat that. Nitin repeat that? We could not hear you.

Sorry. So I was also saying that related to this, if you look at the branch expansion run rate, every successive year, we are now opening up lower number of branches, like FY '23 versus '24 to '25, every year, we are going down in terms of branch expansion. So how do you look at this corollary between the branch vintage and the deposit buildup? And do you think that the current pace of expansion will be sufficient for us to sustain that above industry growth rate over the next 3, 4, 5 years? So just some thoughts around this.

Okay. So I'll get started with the last one first, which is to do with the branches. Nitin, you can't look at 1-year branch, but you have to look at a trend of what was it, right? So for that, if you go back to -- you look at a 5-year branch trend, I'll give you round numbers of the branch trend. We opened about 250 branches in 2020, 350 in '21, 750 in '22, 1,500 in '23, 900 in '24, 700 in '25. So if you look at this, 250, 350, 750, 1,500, 900, the opportunity space that it provided, we took that and accelerated it all within the overall returns framework, right? All through this time period, if you look at our returns between 1.9 to 2, right, in that period. So where there was, we accelerated, and we don't need to do 1,500 or 900 and so on. We can be more modest, but still add to the branches.

It is important to add to the branches because currently, we have only a little more than 6% of the country's branch network with us. So that means our branches 9,600-plus is about a little more than 6% of the systems branch, right? So we have -- and we have more than 11% of the market share of deposits with us. So that's one in terms of -- we have more room to run and more share to gain through that process.

Next is productivity, right? What does it do from a branch productivity? If you look at the per branch productivity, we are now at about INR 305 crores or thereabouts on a per branch at an aggregate level. Despite all of these additions that I talked to you about, if you go back where we -- I just mentioned to you about how we were doing per branch, if you go to '23 or '19 to '23, that time period. For by time period, about INR 237 crores per branch, right, at that time. And I told you INR 237 crores per branch before I started to talk about those acceleration of the branches, right? Now with all of those acceleration, we are at INR 305 crores per branch. So at every incremental branch, when we add, it is also at an aggregate level added. But this is at an aggregate level.

Then that takes to the next one that you talked about at a micro level, right? At aggregate level is one. Let's talk about micro level in terms of where it starts to have the pivoting point for further scale. First, the breakeven is about 2 years or so. When you look at the breakeven, branches that are in the metro and urban area typically breaks even in about 22 months. Branches that are in the semi-urban and rural area takes about 27 months, thereabouts. On an average, about 2 years, it breaks even. So that's one. And these models are in consonance with our legacy branch models, which means they are confirming to whatever traditionally there. That's number one.

Number two, the pivoting point where 4, 5 years ago, where we analyzed what does a branch do in 5 years, 5 to 10 years and 10 to 15 years and so on, when you look at it, where the scaling factor is about the 5th year mark to the 10th-year mark, it moves, and it moves about 3x. Between 5 to 10 years, it goes about 3x up. And then once it goes into 10 to 15 years, 10x up. So that is very important, and that scaling factor continues to operate now.

Now what is more interesting and important than that is, currently, if you look at the branches that are in the bucket, 5 to 10 years bucket, which are doing 3x than what they were doing 5 years ago, 1,232 branches, right, out of the 9,600, 1,232 branches are in that bucket, right? And if you look at the branches before that, the 3- to 5-year bucket, 3- to 5-year bucket, we have 1,300 branches. So we are entering into the pivoting point where the cohorts that are entering into the 5-plus bucket is more than the cohorts that are going to exit from 5 to 10. So that is -- again, similarly, when you look at the 10- to 15-year bucket, it got 2,499 branches. And then the 5 to 10 branches are going to go into those cohorts. And so that's almost 43% of our branches are vintage branches, less than 5 years. So this is the cohort that needs to move through the pipe and get there. And so we are quite -- at this point, I think we said that we are positioned well with good expectations coming out of that. And that's, again, aided by several factors that go.

Okay. So...

Another data point, Sashi was just reminding me because when we reviewed it with them, on an incremental basis, when you look at it, these new branches contribute slightly north of 20% of the overall incremental that comes -- deposits that come, which is very important, right, that these things keep adding accreting as we go along. That's something I wanted to leave...

Right. See, the reason to ask this is also because while advances side is still in our control, we can maneuver the advances growth and choose the business segments we want to underwrite. But deposits, if we compare across the best and private banks also, typically, the growth kind of has its own saturation point. And if you look as to how HDFC Bank has done last year and versus what is the current year, probably we will be closer to in terms of deposit rate versus what we were last year on a good case basis. So for us to talk about that LDR can come so sharply next year, do we look at this deposit growth run rate break out from as to how the trends have been in the recent years? Can this really happen with the kind of vintage gains that we talk about?

Nitin, these get benchmarked by district, by our presence in those districts, that's how we benchmark and that's how we work our marketing and product teams, work with our distribution channels where we are present to orchestrate and move this, right? So two things I want to mention. One is new account acquisition is an important element. We are at about 100 million customers. Last quarter, we added about 1.5 million new liability relationships. It is important to get that new account value because that's how you keep building. And the change in balances. So that means the existing customers adding, accreting has been lower in the recent time periods when some kind of choices into various other financial institution they take. So some of that has been slower. But again, you beat that by getting more presence and more customers and have diversified product -- asset product because you know that in the last 2 years, our retail asset products were slow than where we are now trying to accelerate or move.

For every asset product that you have, again, cards, I think not in the last quarter, but maybe a few quarters ago, we have spoken cards. For card customers spending on their card account and having 100 outstanding, at the aggregate level in the bank, we see almost north of 5.5x deposit balances from the customers. So what does it mean? We want more of our customers to have cards. And same with mortgages, which I think last time we spoke, 99% today, we have penetration. That means we are not selling a mortgage product. We want to get the customer relationship. When we are giving a mortgage product, we get the savings account and the savings account gets funded approximately today at initiation at about INR 35,000. And then when you look at the 12-month, 18 months on books, which is the kind of vintage we can measure today and see, we are seeing that it is growing 2, 2.5x. But historically, some of those category customers that we have seen, it has got the propensity to have 5x more than a customer who does not have a mortgage. So liabilities don't come only purely on just an engagement and asking. It also comes by multiple products that get sold.

Next question is from the line of Suresh Ganapathy from Macquarie Capital.

Yes. So first question is on LCR. What would be this quarter? And how it would move post the April 2026 guideline, whether it will move up, move down?

LCR, we reported 116 in this quarter.

And post the guidelines?

No. The new guidelines, we don't expect any material change that can impact us.

Okay. And just a question on margins itself. It's been almost 9 quarters since the merger, your margins have not gone anywhere. In fact, it is even lower than what you had reported at 3.4%. I know there are several moving parts. Are you really confident that you can get this up in the next 2, 3 years?

Suresh, if you think about the margin, the most important lever on the margin is the cost of funds, which various points we have mentioned. And within the cost of funds, there are a few. One is the time deposit repricing, which has a lag effect. We have changed time deposit rates in line with the policy rate change, but not fully, but maybe 2/3 way, we have changed 125 basis points is what the policy has changed. We have done about 2/3 into that. We need to see what more. And again, that what's competitively priced, right? So we are not at a disadvantage anywhere there. And that takes almost 5 quarters to flow in. Part of that this quarter, you have seen 10, 11 basis points change in cost of funds. That is the lag effect of that flowing through, then that continues. So that's one element.

And the second element is the borrowing. Quarter-to-quarter has remained static at about 13%. But again, more than a quarter, if you look at the year, we were at about 7%. Broadly, the industry is at about 6%, 7%. So there is an opportunity space to beat that to keep coming down. That is another important lever that provides this cost of funds change. And the third one is the CASA, which again is a customer on the other side more than we creating any action where we need to work through to bring selling within the new customers and better engagement, more products, more retail products. That's the kind of process we need to take through to get to that industry average and beat that industry average over time. Yes, there is a line of sight, and these are some of those elements we work through.

Next question is from the line of Prakhar Sharma from Jefferies India.

Congratulations on the results. Just wanted to delve on this deposit growth part. It was an interesting color that you said that the granular retail has grown, but slightly bulkier retail hasn't. Is there any sort of a data point that you can share in terms of the growth or the mix in the two? And one alternative is, can we use the LCR deposit number and the growth there as a reference point to just get some comfort on what's the range of growth there because 4Q onwards, it gets aggressive on pricing. So if you can share some color, that will be right.

The second aspect of the question I didn't get, probably we will see. But as far as the rate of growth is concerned that you asked about the categories, certain other categories that you wanted. Yes, I mean, the -- if you look at the institutional types, they were in the mid-single digits, right? The institutional type of deposits, mid-single digits. That's what we see. And within the retail branch, the non-individuals were much more modest. I think it was again a little more higher single digit. And the individual, individual within the branches were in the solid double-digit growth.

Sorry, the individual at the branch was that?

No, I didn't give you a number. I said it's a good double digit, and everything else was in single digit. Yes.

Okay. And is there a way to just give a context of within your total deposits, 83% is classified as retail. How much would be the granular retail and how much would be the quasi-institutional retail?

I don't think we have published that. But yes, when we say that is a branch-driven deposits where there are RMs engaged with either an individual or the individual organizations and institutions, that is what.

Next question is from the line of Abhishek Murarka from HSBC.

So Srini, going back to the branch addition question, and thanks for giving so much color. But just net-net, are you still looking to grow or add about 5%, 7% branches this year and in FY '27? Or what are your near-term plans? I understand the whole picture you painted about the scale-up of old branches and how that will accelerate deposits. I just want to know your next 1-year plans in terms of branch additions.

Yes. To answer in short, 5% to 7% implies 500 to 700 branches annual. I don't believe that, that kind of branch addition we can do in the near future. We'll evaluate as we go through the annual planning process and come back at some point in time, but it would be of a good order.

Abhishek, just to add to what Srini is saying. If you've seen the last cohort of what he just said in terms of the 4,800-odd branches over the last 5 years. Today, it is contributing, as he mentioned, somewhere around the 20-plus percentage points in terms of the incremental liabilities or the deposits that we are mobilizing. As this cohort starts to -- which we are seeing delivering and getting to a substantial number, then we know that we have the confidence to start to step up our -- the next phase of launching new distribution points. Obviously, we want to wait and watch. We are not saying we will not add any branches. As he mentioned, we will add branches, but these are probably in -- normally in suburbs where there is kind of an opportunity that is what we are now focusing on.

But the -- we want to ensure and stabilize the last cohort of the 4,800 branches stabilize and start to get to a certain level of maturity and level of contribution, which is substantial, then it will -- we know that, that will be on an autopilot and then we can start to see the next phase of introduction. And obviously, at that point in time, we will have to rethink in terms of we would have probably moved far beyond in terms of our branch transformation and automation. So there will be some new thought processes in terms of what we -- how we need to add or how we need to sort of expand our distribution. It's not that it's going to be different, but maybe there will be some amount of recalibration that we will do in the next phase of branch additions.

Sure. So Sashi, as I understand, that's a great point -- for making that point. So today, about 50% of branches, which is this 4,800 is contributing around 20% of incremental deposits. Is it correct to think that when this starts contributing maybe 40%, 50% of incremental deposits, that is when you start thinking about future expansion. Is that the right way to think about it?

Whether it's 40%, 50%, 60%, we will keep on recalibrating because we are -- there are a lot of things that we are trying to do. Obviously, we also -- if you really look at it, we stepped up our distribution the moment we knew that we announced our merger. And we knew that we needed to fund not just at that point in time, the future of -- in the future. So all this is going to add to incremental deposits in a substantial way into the future. But -- so there will be a lot more dimensions that we will examine not just the extent of contribution, but probably certain events that we may have or certain other dimensions that we may look at before we start to step up the pedal on the new phase of incremental.

And you look at it even over our 30-year period, there have been these phases of right from 2009 onwards to 2013, '14, we stepped up our distribution. Then we had a little bit of a pause, then we started off again. So we -- this recalibration and doing it in phases is something that we have been doing. It's not a new thing. We have been doing this for right through our 30 years journey. And I think we will continue to do. Obviously, the dimensions keep changing in terms of what we need to look at as we move ahead because the world is changing very fast. The kind of technology implementations that we are doing, as we unveil, we probably may need different thought processes as well. So let me pause out here and probably -- you probably will get the drift.

Sure. And the second thing is on credit cost. Now if I look at your net slippages, ex of the agri part, but let's say, look at the net slippages in the 9 months or last few quarters, around 30, 35 basis points. Write-offs are holding steady at INR 3,200 crores roughly a quarter. So why is the underlying credit cost around 55 bps and not coming off? I mean, don't you think that should also start coming off at some point if this kind of trend continue.

Abhishek, a couple of things. One is the slippages. If you're looking at excluding agri slippages, it's 24 bps in the quarter. Prior quarter was 23 bps. Prior year was 26 bps. So order of magnitude, call it, 25 basis points. That is the kind of a slippage in a quarter, right? That's what you're seeing. So not the 35 or something that you're talking about. That's one. The second thing is that credit costs -- also, you have to look at it, including the recoveries because when you write off certain loans as it progresses through some of the delinquency buckets, then you get it in the form of recoveries. And net of recoveries, if you see, we are at about 37 basis points or thereabouts. And when you look at, again, last quarter, last year, order of magnitude, very similar within a few basis points, 5 basis points. So it's not just about the 55 basis points. It is also about the net of the recoveries, which comes in quite handy. And it's a function of how fast you write off and how you recover.

Sure. That's what I was referring to. So net of your recoveries, et cetera, it should keep coming down because your slippage performance is -- I mean, it's improving. The book is growing and your absolute is pretty much stable. So you're seeing very good asset quality trends. And I was sort of wondering why the credit cost is not coming off.

So why will -- see, in a growing book, if the slippage is steady, the losses are steady, recoveries are steady. I don't know what you're expecting, maybe something else...

So 15%, 85% is more or less BAU is what you're seeing.

No, GNPA?

No, no, no, no, credit card. Okay. I'll take this offline. I probably not saying myself clearly. No problem. Finally, just one question on cards. Overall, card receivables are pretty stable. If I look at the data that comes out in RBI, the spend market share for you is doing well, so is market share is doing well. So why is it not reflecting in the receivables? Is it just transactors running down? Or is it something else?

No, actually -- great question, Abhishek. I think if you really look at it, the segment that we are patronizing is more the middle and upper middle segment. Therefore, slightly higher-end cards is what is in our portfolio. The proportion of that is large. And a large part of that, over a period of time, we have been -- I mean, as you know, the card -- credit card -- what shall I say, the behavior has also changed over a period of time. Today, we look at it not as net receivable from a revolve perspective, from an asset perspective and an earnings perspective, we are looking at it as an enabler for our liabilities or deposits. Srini has mentioned in the past, and that is something that we are extremely proud of, the spends in the cards actually provide a significant portion of our deposit momentum. Today, 20% to 25%, maybe in the mid of 20% to 25%, I can say, is the range at which out of the total deposit basket, the kind of momentum that you're seeing, whether it's on the healthy balances and what it contributes to total, it's somewhere around that 20%, 25%.

So the credit card focus today is more not from a net receivable basis, but from a transactor basis. And as I said, I mean, whether it's a lot of you on the call or people in this room that we are, we all pay on a standing instruction basis on due dates. So this is something that we are very happy with. And so this is the kind of a new strategy that we are evolving. Obviously, we are also recalibrating some of the business model in cards. We have been doing that, and we probably are -- have come out with something which is very encouraging and something that the organization will really benefit from our card strategy.

I want to add one thing on the card, particularly the card revolving aspect of it, right, which is if you go back to 2020 or before and compare to today's revolvers, they are slightly under 2/3 level, right, slightly under 2/3 level. So that means of the pre-2020 levels revolvers, right, at level. And so the profile of the customers, and that is why you see the deposit balances of those customers, which is a little more than 5, 5.5x was slightly under 4x at that time. So the profile of those customers are also different where they do transact, they do keep balances and the revolver balances are lower for certain other segments. And we have not liberally offered the credit line increases and made more and more revolvers to tip them off into delinquency. We've been -- credit has been cautious on that.

Next question is from the line of Jayant Kharote from Axis Capital.

Sir, one question is on your loan growth broad guidance of above system next year. Sir, I just wanted to understand when we are saying we'll grow above the system, what is our range of assumption for system growth? Because we are seeing some acceleration in the system growth itself where we are moving from this 11% to 13% band to maybe closer to 14%, 15%. If we were to move in that band, would we have accounted for that kind of system growth and we say we can grow above that?

So our understanding as of now is next year, we expect system growth to be between 12% to 13% when you look at nominal GDP and the credit growth that's required to support nominal GDP. So if we're talking about 12% to 13%, we are talking about a couple of percentage points above that going into the next year. We see distribution on the retail side, you've been seeing over the last 2 quarters coming up, our positioning also in the MSME space, given our geographic coverage as well as our suite of products that we have out over there and the wholesale piece, which you would have seen in this quarter again coming back. We do believe that we have the customer segmentation to be able to grow at a couple of hundred basis points over system growth next year.

Great, sir. I think this answers you're working with the 12% to 13% range at least. Second part is, on a broader 3-year or 4-year question. We have seen products like mortgage getting a lot of competitive intensity. PSA banks being well capitalized are probably being more aggressive in vehicle, increasingly auto. Do you see this competitive intensity eroding profitability for the larger players over the next probably 3 years, not a 6-month or 12-month question?

See, we are addressing competition only through relationship and not through pricing. Mortgage product, as you've seen that in the last 12 months, we are not leading through a mortgage product. We are leading through relationships where the mortgage product could be a fulcrum around which we can operate. Same with auto. I do want to let you know that our auto loans are almost a little more than 80% self-funded, which means the customers when they take auto loan, we want their liability accounts. We want them to have balances in that and the loan self-funds itself for the most part within the balance sheet. So it is about relationship offering, and that is part of the engagement in the branch, and it's not just a product and a loan balance sheet building approach.

Having said that, Srini, absolutely in order. I think we do continue to be the largest financiers in the auto loan space in the country. not only in terms of the disbursals but also the book size as well as if you see our year-on-year growth in the entire automobile space, I think that is reflective of what our position is and the target market that we will have. So it is relationship. It is also ensuring that we have the right pricing for the product based on the customer segmentation, and we don't feel any need to do business at price points which don't make economic sense.

And your market reading is, as of now, we are not in that situation where aggression is eroding margins for the broader system, at least in auto?

I'm sorry, I didn't catch your question. Can you repeat it, please?

So not for HDFC, but probably for broader system. Are you seeing that aggression in the auto segment from the public sector or maybe the broader system aggravating in the last couple of quarters?

Yes. We've seen it not only in auto, but also in the home loan product. So these are two products where we have certainly seen some amount of, if I may say, a bit of irrational pricing, but irrational pricing has never sustained. It will play itself out and bury itself in a couple of quarters on the outer side, if not earlier.

Thank you very much. Ladies and gentlemen, we have come to the end of the allotted time for the call. I would now like to hand the conference to Mr. Vaidyanathan for closing comments.

Okay. Thank you, Nirav, and thanks to all the participants for taking the time to attend. At the outset, I again want to mention that we did come 15 minutes late. We did extend to be there. Further questions, any more comments, Investor Relations team will be on standby to guide and help and explain or clarify anything you need today or over the weekend or next week, whenever you desire, we are available. With that, we'll sign off for today. Have a great weekend. Bye-bye.

Thank you very much.

Thank you.

Thank you all. Thank you very much for all the hard work.

On behalf of HDFC Bank Limited, that concludes this conference. Thank you for joining us, and you may now disconnect your lines. Thank you.

Ladies and gentlemen, good day and welcome to HDFC Bank Limited Q2 FY '26 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] Please note that this conference is being recorded.

I now hand the conference over to Mr. Srinivasan Vaidyanathan, Chief Financial Officer, HDFC Bank. Thank you, and over to you Mr. Vaidyanathan.

Thank you, Nirav. Good evening, and welcome to all the participants on a very busy day. Without much ado, let me get to our CEO and MD, Sashi Jagdishan, for his opening remarks before we get on. We also have Kaizad Bharucha, our Deputy Managing Director. We will also get him at some point. Yes, please, Sashi over to you.

Good evening, friends. First, let me wish all of you, Shubha Dhanteras and Shubha Deepavali. So first, let me start with the macro. Global outlook remains very volatile, thanks to the uncertainty related to tariffs and immigration policies. However, the domestic economy appears to be getting stronger. The triad of fiscal and monetary measures, whether it is the direct tax reductions, the GST reductions or the interest rate -- upfronting of interest rate cuts, I think, have galvanized the economic activity in the recent past.

The food -- the headline inflation has been printing very low, thanks to the low food inflation. This probably gives the monetary policy committee to maneuver on future interest rate actions.

We've had strong rainfall in most parts of the country. The GST rate changes have created a lot of buzz in the market in the later part of September onwards.

And coming to the bank, the improvements in the economic activity has given us the opportunity to accelerate loan growth. We can see a lot more color as we get into Q&A.

We've seen our growth pick up across segments. We continue to see market share gains in deposits, and we are very focused and disciplined pricing. As expected, due to the front loading of the interest rate cuts on the asset side of the balance sheet, we did see NIM compress by about 8 basis points. We should see over the next 6 to 12 months, the deposit repricing having some amount of tailwind effect in the NIMs.

We are managing our expenses in a very tight band, and we should see our investments in distribution and technology creating an operating leverage over the medium to long term.

We continue to invest in technology, not just in core platforms and middlewares, which will bring about a lot of stability and scalability in availability, in resilience and in security, but we are also embarking on creating a platform to embark on certain low-hanging new age experiments such as gen AI. Largely, these are for -- to reengineer our processes and create a kind of a great customer experience by reducing turnaround time. It will have a second order impact if it becomes successful, which is what we are all working hard towards into the -- in the bottom line of the bank.

I think our USP, as probably you have seen the numbers, continues to be our very healthy asset quality. And we don't see too much of issues in that even in our early indicators as well.

Our metrices, large part of our metrices, whether it's NIMs, whether it is cost to earnings, whether it's return on assets have been very range-bound, and we should see a fair amount of stability with a positive bias in the medium to long term.

So let me pause out here and happy to take on any questions. We have our CFO, our DMD and other colleagues who will collectively would be answering to some of your questions. Thank you.

Thank you. Nirav, kindly open it up and kindly get to the queue.

[Operator Instructions] The first question is from the line of Mahrukh Adajania from Nuvama Wealth.

I had a few questions. My first question is on the recoveries in the NPL movement, they look very strong. So is it that the recovery environment has improved substantially? Or is there a one-off there?

Yes. The recoveries, I have a one-off there, where there was an NPA, which performed satisfactory over 2 years and appropriate ratings were received and upgraded. And to that extent, yes, it did improve there. What we did is that, that also releases some provisions, as you know. But at an aggregate level, the contingent provisions have been added by about INR 1,600 crores or so. We have created more resiliency and strengthened the position there. So from an overall point of view, the recoveries -- more than recovery, the upgrades, I would say that upgrades have contributed to approximately 10 basis points.

Okay. So the one-off would be how much?

Yes, the 10 basis points, 140, 1.4% was the prior quarter NPA. We ended up at 1.24%, about 10 basis points was upgrade, which I would not say is recurring, yes.

All right. All right. Got it. Got it. Makes sense. And then in terms of margins, so we had been guiding that -- you had been guiding that the exit margins will be same as last year's 4Q exit core margins. Does that guidance still hold good? Is the repricing on track for that?

Okay. So let me take that. See, there are 2 things, Mahrukh. If you look at the yield on assets, yield on assets have come down from the way -- from the time it started from the beginning of the rate cycle, which is in our printed -- in our published statements, you'll be able to see it, I think, on Page #14. In the quarter, 30 basis points. But over a period of -- from December to now, almost 50 basis points has played out on yield on assets, right, which is you know that 100 basis points changed in the policy rates, about roughly 70% are on floating area. So that works out to almost -- most of that is priced in. The last some tail of kind of a partial month or a quarter kind of impact that can come in the following quarter. But otherwise, a lot of it is priced in there. Then from a yield point of view.

From a cost of funds, the 4.9% came to 4.6%, so 30 basis points. So slightly -- about half or slightly a little more than half is what you are seeing coming through -- flowing through in the cost of funds, which is where the savings deposit change has flown through. But the time deposit change -- rate change, which is between 70 and 80 basis points or so has changed, but that takes almost 6 quarters to flow in. A little more than 1.5 quarters has gone by. In this quarter, you saw that the cost of funds improved by about 18 basis points on the page, you see about 20 basis points, I think, 19 basis points. You see a 20 basis points rounded number there that cost of funds has come down by. And so it has got another at least 4, 5 quarters to play off, which means over the next few quarters, the rate remaining constant, that means that a stable assumption level, the cost of funds starts to move down. And if the asset stabilizes at that level, you see that pickup coming. Yes, we are optimistic that with the stable rate scenario, our exit should be moving up from where it is today.

Okay. And how do you view the deposit growth, this time loan growth was very good. And while the deposit growth was good, the incremental LDR did fall, so -- I mean, did rise. So how do we think about LDRs from here on?

Okay. Yes, good question. Thank you for asking that. See, our LDR, we started the year at about 96 and change. Our strategic objectives when we laid out that the rate of growth on loans in this year will be at market and in FY '27 will be faster than the market, predicated that the LDR will come below the 90 mark, somewhere, call it, the 85 to 90 or below the 90 mark, right, which is okay. That's the kind of strategic. It's not a linear progression.

And what is more important is that direction of the travel, that means coming down from 96 to below 90, direction of travel is important. The quantum, how it moves, quarter-to-quarter, it can vary because there are seasonalities that play out. In this quarter, you did see -- we did see credit demand that was good. We participated with our clients where it made sense from our engagement and profitability and total relationships. And we will continue to do that. And our strategic objective of getting to grow in line with the system this year and higher than the system in the following year continues to be there.

Next question is from the line of Chintan from Autonomous.

Happy Diwali to all. Can I start with capital. The recent draft proposal seem to suggest a meaningful reduction in risk weighted assets. You are already at a very high CET1 ratio. You have got even more contingent provisions now. You chose to put more buffers on. Your loss experiences are not going to be that bad for ECL. What are we going to do with all this extra capital, given that you are able to grow with your retained earnings even when I look out beyond FY '27?

Let me sort of come in out here. It is -- obviously, you are seeing this kind of a buildup of the capital ratios in the recent past because the bank chose to slow down in FY '25. Now we are on that upward trajectory. You're right, all the potential regulatory changes will have a little bit of a benefit in terms of -- on the capital ratios. But on the ECL side, I'm not too sure because if you really look at it, the bank has already -- has a proven track record and having a very well-established models in ECL. So that's already known to the world and known to you, I'm sure, as we disclosed U.S. GAAP results.

But having said that, if you look at the draft guidelines or the fine print of that, there are a lot of prescriptions or of floors that have been prescribed, which means that the pure ECL advantages may get nullified, if not even you may have to maintain higher levels of ECL if such draft guidelines were to go through. Obviously, we need to wait and watch when this starts to come out as final guidelines.

But having said that, as we have just mentioned, we are -- we believe that the change in economic cycle probably has just begun. Whilst I do appreciate that we need to wait and watch how -- whether this is sustained even beyond the festive period, but there is a fair amount of optimism in most of us out here to say that this will be sustained. And the moment we hit the trajectory that we have laid out for ourselves, that is in FY '27, we will start to grow faster than the system, we should start to consume capital.

If you've looked at our long-term trajectory, we have been consuming capital about 60 to 70 basis points every year on a very steady-state scenario in the past prior to any of these events such as merger, et cetera. But -- so -- and also for a large systemically important bank, it is very imperative that we don't go down necessarily to the regulatory prescribed threshold levels. We need to provide capital or allocate capital for unknown and unforeseeable risk as well. So we do have a capital planning process, which obviously where the threshold levels are far higher than the regulatory prescriptions.

So frankly, whilst optically, it may be higher today, but as we sort of get back on to the growth path, I think we would have sufficient capital as one would have when we raise capital, as you've seen in our past history, about normally, we raise capital, we have enough capital for about 3 to 4 years of growth. So I would say that from FY '27, when we get back to that kind of a growth, we should have that much of room and that much of cushion to be able to have 3 to 4 years of growth at least for consuming before we start to look at other options.

Yes. I mean the only thing I would say to that is I don't think you're in a place where you consume 60 to 70 bps of capital every year now. Given your size, even if you grow at 17%, 18%, you would be breakeven on the capital you already generate. Am I wrong out there?

See, yes, Srini.

Yes. You're right that even in this quarter, if you look at it, our capital we generated is 60 basis points and the consumption is 60 basis points, right? So -- and the 19.9% to 20%, the capital ratio change 0.1 is the surrounding. Other than that, it's about 10 basis points change in capital. So generation and consumption at this level is there. But then when you grow faster than the system, the consumption will be faster. When there is a mix which is a little more -- the mix which is a little more oriented on the retail, the consumption will be even more faster than that. So we need to cater and provide for all of those things. And so it is important to keep the capital on our side to essentially keep that opportunity space for growth as much as we can.

Having said that, if there are any opportunities that may arise in terms of other options that are available to sort of delight shareholders, we would be more than happy to do so. We will keep on exploring such options.

Yes. And my second question was on margins. On margins, LDR seems to have benefited this quarter. But when I look at cost of funds, it seems like it is not falling as fast as some of the other larger players. Is that just the timing difference in the way you built up your TD book versus the other guys given the merger and that it should unwind over the next few quarters?

Yes. Our cost of funds moved down by about 18, 19 basis points or so in this quarter. Deposit cost of funds came down by a similar amount. Yes, our time -- our savings account rate change is fully factored in. The time deposit rate change to factor in fully, the magnitude of the changes in the rates that we and many players have done are of similar order, except that it takes us almost 6 quarters to play it through into the cost of funds.

So slightly longer duration, okay.

Yes, that's right. It's -- Chintan, the -- it's also about duration. We normally -- because we need stability in our balance sheet, we tend to have a slightly longer duration to be able to -- especially on the retail side, so that is the reason why the tailwinds will be slightly longer in terms of visibility of getting -- drawing back this kind of repricing advantage.

Okay. And a quick data question. Borrowings from erstwhile limited, how much is left on your books just now?

Yes, annual report reflects the maturity profile of this over the next...

Next question is from the line of Kunal Shah from Citi Group.

So the first question is particularly with respect to deposit market share. So obviously, we would tend to maintain a particular market share on the incremental deposits, which seems to have come off. Is it largely to do with the rundown of bulk deposits during the quarter? Now we see some increase in the proportion of retail deposits as well. But the lower deposit growth this quarter, in particular, maybe just 1.2x the industry average, what could be the reason for that? And should we see the uptick going forward?

Yes. See, one, on the deposits, the market share is an outcome. And our approach is as granular as possible and as far reaching through our branch network, which is why the deposits that come from our retail network is about 83% or thereabouts. Yes, in this quarter, you have seen that where we have put the proportion went up by a percentage point, where the non-retail deposits came down in this quarter, while retail deposits did grow. Yes, I mean, that's -- in terms of the pricing and in terms of the availability and the client relationships, time to time that gets determined, right? We do participate in many of those, but we will be circumspect in how much and when we participate.

Kunal, when I sort of did my opening remarks, I did mention that there was an element of disciplined pricing, and this is what I meant, which Srini elaborated just now. But having said that, I normally -- whilst all of you look at period-end deposits, I have been maintaining every time in my call that you should also look at averages. And averages, I think we have gone really decently well at about 15% year-on-year. I think that is something that we are very comfortable on our year-on-year growth. Thank you.

Got it. And this increase in contingency provisions. So you indicated that on the recoveries, there was some provisioning release, and that was the reason for contingency or is there anything to do with maybe the ECL buildup, you already carry a very decent level of contingency provisioning and we are adding over and above that. So how should we read it? Maybe is it a particular recovery effect, which is getting nullified and that's the reason it's created?

Yes, that is exactly. There's a space -- opportunity space. Contingent provision as the name suggests, it is not -- it is precautionary and not anticipatory and where it is available and opportune space, we do. ECL provisions to the side, whatever -- whenever that comes to life and those draft guidelines are finalized, we can do the fine-tuning of what it entails. But we do feel comfortable with ECL, both from an implementation or from a requirement of provisioning and so on. But at this time, exactly as you alluded to, was the thought process on the contingent.

Sure. And lastly, on fee income side, the sequential uptick is more volume related or is there any element of one-off or some particular pickup in these segments, in any of the subsegments which we are seeing during the quarter?

No. The fee element, if you look at it, the fee has grown by about 9% or thereabouts. One of the areas -- in fact, the proportion by various products, if you see, is almost consistent where you have to look at prior year more than prior quarter because one quarter to another quarter, there are seasonalities of various products, but it is consistent and that's part of the regular growth.

Okay. Got it. Some element of wholesale would be there because that proportion is going...

No, not wholesale, not wholesale. Kunal, the fact of the matter is you started to see the asset buildup happening. The disbursals would have started to kick in during this quarter. So there would be definitely better earnings arising out of the asset disbursals as well.

Next question is from the line of Anand Swaminathan from BofA.

I have a couple of questions. One, we have just crossed the 2-year mark post-merger as well. If we can give some key success metrics in terms of synergies and what has worked out the best? And also, if you can highlight what has been lagging versus what we had envisaged 2 years back?

And number two, in terms of the line of sight of ROAs, what kind of time frame are you thinking about now to get back above the 2% ROA mark, which we used to do consistently before?

So let me try and attempt this and maybe later on, Kaizad or Srini can just jump in. Number one is, let's face it, this is one of the most complex mergers in recent history. Two is, as you know, the bank had to do much more than what it was normally doing in terms of trying to step up the pace of raising funds to meet the incremental reserve requirements, the other LCR requirements that happened on their liabilities, which we inherited and also the funding for the incremental priority sector requirements as well.

In addition to that, obviously, when we realized that the economic outlook was changing post the merger, it was -- we took a strategic call that we would like to relook at our glide path and we said we want to bring down the credit deposit ratio much faster than what we had envisaged at the time of announcing the merger. So that meant that you needed to step up the pace of deposit growth much more than what one would have done, even though the liquidity environment is extremely tight.

So I think these were all extraordinary events that we went through post the merger. And I think doing all these slightly more than what the organization's capacity was, we still maintain reasonable stability in terms of margins right from the time we had our day 0 or day 1 financial metrices, whether it is in NIMs, whether it is cost to earnings, whether it is the asset quality or whether it's a return on assets. If you have looked at it over the 2-year period, I think it's been reasonably stable and range bound and that itself is very commendable for a population scale kind of an organization.

Having said that, we -- during this period, we continue to invest into the future, into technology, into distribution and into resources because we believe that the impact -- if you need to really harness the opportunity of the merger, we need to ensure that we have enough funding to be able to fund the future growth as well.

So I think that said, so we were not too focused on managing the cost to earnings during this period. We said, let us invest and let us start to -- and this will harvest itself over the next 3 to 5 years pace. As we see, one of the most important things is on the home loan space. Home loans, as we mentioned, is a very emotional product and the kind of relationship that comes about is going to be long term in nature, far more -- having a better emotional motion, and it is going to have a far more far-reaching impact than some of the consumption -- short-term consumption products.

The process has commenced. I think the team has done a fabulous job of trying to ensure that we try and sell home loans from a larger distribution than what we were doing premerger. I think two is when we started to -- start to offer home loans, we said that we will try and cut down the turnaround time so that -- of sanctions. I think now it's in the public domain. For individual loans, we have now brought down the turnaround time to 2 days and for self-employed, it's about 3 days.

Three is we will have journeys, which will ensure that we have a one-click experience in offering a bouquet of products when we sell a home loan. So in terms of the upsell, whether it is in terms of having a savings account attached to every home loan disbursal, happy to say that there is almost -- you -- let me have Kaizad sort of speak about it because he runs this very passionately.

So thank you, Sashi. Without going through all the pointers that Sashi mentioned, I think one of the advantages that we brought apart from changing the turnaround times was opening the segment to the self-employed base, which was not there previously when home loans were being done. And that's opened up a larger segment for us. It's also ensured that we are in a position to upsell far more products, including at the liability side of it. Empirical data has shown that whenever a customer has a home loan and he brings with it the check-in account, there is a change in the value of the relationship that comes.

So I think we've been already able to start implementing that. We've seen good results over the last 1 year. So with increased distribution, changing our turnaround times, being able to offer home loans and customized products in home loans to different customer segments based on geography as well as their demographics. And in addition to that, the upsell that we have been able to do across a whole range of products, which is the credit cards that go along with it, when a person buys a home loan, the consumer durable loans that go along with it as well as being able to offer them our brokerage services and insurance.

So when you look at the whole gamut of the upsell along with the check-in account and an emotional product like a home loan, which is a good duration product, it's already started playing out what we had envisaged as the road map, and I would say that we are on track.

I'll add one just to Kaizad so that this number we can keep talking and tracking these things is credit cards for when a new mortgage is given, the credit card penetration, we have been successful, as Kaizad alluded to, is now a little more than 14%. We are able to get that penetrated. On the consumer durable sanction, we are -- our penetration is in the mid-30s. And on a brokerage account, we are like a 15-plus percent penetration. And so we are progressing on those -- each of those products on the scale of how we want to hit. On the savings account, I think we alluded to, we are 98%, 99% saving...

That's right.

And the end result in terms of the balance buildup in such accounts are far higher than the normal savings account where we don't sort of place in a home loan. But having said that, as we have mentioned in the call, we believe that from FY '27, when we get back our trajectory, when we start to ensure that all our distribution outlets start to sell home loans, you will start to see the benefits getting more visible over a 3- to 5-year period. And more than that, even the operating leverage on the kind of investments that we have done in both in distribution and technology will also start to play. So I see a fair amount of positive bias in the key financial metrics over the next 3 to 5 years.

Any comments on the ROA trajectory? Our intention always was to go back to the upper end of that 1.8% to 2.2% ROA range. Where are we in that journey now? What time frame we should think about?

Yes. Anand, those opportunity space on the ROA, we are -- yes, we are between 1.8% to 1.85% to 1.95%. That's where we've operated over the last 8 quarters or so, as you see. The space on the ROA comes from cost of funds, because that's where the ROA -- the merger benefits of the -- comes a lot on the P&L through the cost of funds because you replace the borrowings, you change the mix of the deposits from time deposits to CASA as we have so far last 2 years had predominant growth in time deposits. So these are some of those levers. They remain intact, and they remain the opportunity space for us to get there. And yes, that's -- these are the drivers. And it is about the cost of funds, which changes that trajectory.

Next question is from the line of Rikin Shah from IIFL Capital.

Two questions. First one is on cost of fund improvement in this quarter for us, has been marginally lower than peers. Is that only due to the longer duration of liabilities, which means that it's just a timing problem and a lot of that could be back ended for us vis-à-vis front-ended for the peers? Or is it due to higher TD mobilization for HDFC in the reset last 1 year and hence, this difference could potentially persist in the near term?

Rikin, sorry to interrupt, your voice is coming muffled.

Is this better by any chance? Hello?

If you can speak a little bit, go ahead.

Yes. So I was asking on the cost of fund trajectory in this quarter for us relative to the peers. It has been marginally lower improvement. So I wanted to understand whether it is solely due to the longer duration of liabilities, as Sashi alluded to in the earlier point, which means that it would be a bit more back-ended for us? Or is it due to the fact that we have mobilized higher quantum of term deposits in the last 1 year, and hence, this difference may persist? So that's the first question.

The second one, just Srini, if you could quantify the additional provisions that we made in the quarter through the P&L against that onetime recovery upgrade that you mentioned. That's it.

Yes. Rikin, the first thing is in terms of the cost of funds, every balance sheet has got a structure, a duration and that determines -- and the mix of time deposit CASA and so on. These determine how the cost of funds move. I think in some other question, maybe 10 minutes ago, we did talk about the space, which is there in the cost of funds and the time that it takes to factor that in. And so that's -- you'll have to wait for some time for that to play it out. And we are focused on getting the core business of franchise of deposits growth and thereby the customer relationship, and it will play out the cost of funds. That's the first thing.

The second aspect that you talked about is the provision. I think that also to Mahrukh or somebody I had mentioned that we did add -- if you look at the provisions are on Page #19 of the deck that is there, you'll see that the right side block, where you see the contingent provision of almost about INR 1,600 crores, which is there added there. We also have added general provisions of about INR 600 crores. That's general provision is we have a loan growth that we need to support and various other things. And so our -- effectively, the general provisions is about 41 basis points of loans coming up from about 40 basis points. And similarly, the contingent provision is also up by a basis point or 2. So we have augmented that.

Next question is from the line of Abhishek Murarka from HSBC.

So I have a couple of questions on some of the individual loan segments. First is on personal loans. Do you think all the parameters are now green and you can accelerate, is the risk appetite much better now versus earlier? And for -- or rather to accelerate, do you need to loosen any of the tighter underwriting norms you would have adopted after November '23 circular a couple of years back? Is that a requirement or even with the current norms, you can sort of accelerate? So just some sense there on how you're looking at growth and revival.

The second one is on home loans. Now I think you all made very valid points about the product itself and the importance of the product for the franchise. But if I look at the overall growth, you are still 300 bps below the industry growth. I understand maybe it was due to the fact that the period was such where margins were under pressure and maybe you wanted to trade that off. But now going forward, do you see that accelerating again, and enough risk-adjusted returns there to grow at least at par with the industry?

And the third is on gold. What are the yields right now? You're growing 5%, 6% Q-o-Q for several quarters over there, is that still lucrative from a return and margin perspective? Are you seeing some yield pressure there? So just these 3 things, if you could talk a little bit about.

Okay. So your first question being on the unsecured book, we've always had an approach where we will not go down our credit standards for underwriting, whatever would be the cycle that would be present. We've always looked at opportunities to grow in segments that we are comfortable. And based on the economic environment and the growth that is there in the economic environment.

We've seen a steady growth come through because there has been an uptick in the credit offtake in unsecured loans, and we have appropriately participated out over there. As it unfolds and as Sashi alluded to, we see a positive traction continuing in the economic environment and we will certainly participate in our target market and ensure we capture our rightful share out over there without having to dilute any credit standards.

If I move to the mortgage piece out over there, your question was on -- so on the volume rate of growth, last year, if you step back, we did a lot of corrections that needed to be carried out in terms of process, target market, the kind of yields that we wanted to participate in. From there, if you see, we have started increasing our market share. And today, we do believe that we have closed the gap between what we had about a year, 1.5 years ago, and where we are.

If you see some of the participants about in the last 90 to 120 days, post the RBI reduction of 50 basis points in June, we witnessed a lowering of rates in the market by a host of players. We chose not to go down the interest rate ladder and participate at those levels because it has to make a certain level of economic sense and return as we also balance it with market share. We do believe we navigated that in a manner where we saw very quickly some of the players revise their rates and bring it back up.

We do believe that over the next 18 to 24 months, this is a product that we will be with market. We've already shown that over the last several quarters, but we will not do anything only to get market share gain. That has never been our philosophy. It is a long duration product. It is a product where you connect with the customer and you want to have a customer quality where you can engage even greater across our product suite and have a relationship which lasts through the lifetime of the loans. So that's our outlook with regard to the mortgage business. The third question was on the gold.

Yes. I just had a very quick follow-up here. Is the pragmatism on pricing returning? Or is it just still quite competitive and still not the right time to press the pedal?

It is coming back to some levels of sanity, but I would think it's yet a little distance away, because it's quite an uneven market where you see different players come and accelerate their appetite on home loans and therefore, use rates as a strategy to try and meet their objectives. So we will have to see how this unfolds and wouldn't want to jump the gun where that is concerned.

Very quickly, in the interest of time, I move to your query on gold loans. Yields have been good. Our experience as we are growing this book in a steady manner has thus far been very helpful. We do see us continuing on that path. We will be watchful as it is, again, a very emotional item with clients and who we deal with and the clarity of the terms on which we deal with them, we will be cautious of. But yields on gold loan book have been, I would say, pretty rich given that it is a fully collateralized exposure.

Yes. Is the yield here higher than your retail blended yield or at par, just the retail portfolio?

Abhishek, so going into one particular product rate, all I will tell you is that this is incremental to the bank's yield as well as the retail product yield.

Next question is from the line of Jayant from Axis Capital.

Sir, my question is on credit. I think the book has not grown sequentially as much. We do think...

Jayant, sorry to interrupt you, we lost your audio in between, can you repeat your question once again?

Am I audible now?

Yes.

Yes. Question is on credit cards business, when the book has not [ nice ] in this quarter, whereas we do...

Jayant, sorry to interrupt you, we are again losing your audio. Can you speak through your handset, please?

Yes, is this any better?

Yes, try again, try again, softly try again.

Yes. My question was regarding credit cards. The cards book has not grown as much in this quarter. However, the card issuances and the spends have been growing very sharply ahead of industry for the past several months. So is there a mismatch? And have we observed any uptick in the post 22nd of September period?

First on the card overall, first is that the card growth I alluded to, I think it's 1.5 million new card additions in the quarter. And we have seen that -- which we have talked over the last 4 quarters, where from a various spend categories, there are certain spend categories that we are cautious of, and we have been managing through the spend time. There are certain things we like and certain things that we have restricted.

Secondly, in terms of various credit lines, we are again the circumspect on increasing credit lines for revolvers. And we have seen that the revolve rate hasn't picked up, if anything, has only come down. And so again, from an overall balances point of view, a good amount of transactors who spend and pay, especially from strategic.

See, very similar to what Kaizad and Srini has mentioned, I just wanted to add that there will be times where probably because of festivities, there will be a fair amount of offers that will be there from e-commerce platforms, and participants in that particular platform probably would have seen a fair amount of buoyancy in terms of spends and spends per card.

If you look at the industry data, you would see a fair amount of spends happening on account of the festivities or the start of the festivities by some of these e-commerce platforms. And we have elected and we sort of keep evaluating this particular space to see whether it makes economic sense to participate in some of these spends or not.

So if you are comparing or looking at it from an industry perspective, we -- as has been the philosophy, we try and ensure that whatever we participate largely should make some economic sense. It is a fact that we did not participate in some of the large spends that happens during just about the start of the festival on e-commerce platforms. And that's probably one of the reasons why you're seeing a very tepid additions to the net receivables on cards for this quarter.

Understood. And second question was the mix of the new acquisitions, how much would be existing to bank and new to bank? Is there any change of thought here of targeting new consumer pools through cards, because we're not seeing this kind of aggression from other players right now?

Normally, it has been between 65% to 70%, 75% or so is existing, and that has been the level at which we have operated for that.

There's no change in the last 6 months?

Yes, there's no big change.

Next question is from the line of Ravi Purohit from SIMPL.

Happy Diwali to the entire team of HDFC Bank. So I have 2 questions. Most of the other questions have been answered. One is about 2 quarters back, we had mentioned that from the erstwhile HDFC book, we had about 15 to 20 bps of stressed assets which are actually performing, but we were still classifying them as NPAs. So can you just kind of update us on the status of those? Have a lot of those got upgraded or some of it, if this quarter, one of the, I think, assets that you were saying that got upgraded was probably part of that e-HDFC book. And is there more left there? If you could just share some thoughts there?

And second is, in our advances book, we have seen healthy growth on the SME side, the medium and mid-corporate side. So if you could just share some thoughts on what we are seeing on the ground on the SME side from loan opportunities. Those are my 2 questions.

The first one is simple, yes, I did mention to Mahrukh and to another person that the upgrade -- the 10 basis points upgrade is part of that.

As regards to the SME part of it, I think we have seen at a ground level a fair amount of positivity come back. There is actual credit demand, which one is seeing in that segment. We do believe that with our clientele and our footprint, it gives us an opportunity to continue to participate, keeping the underwriting standards, but also participating out over here. And right now, it is continuing to give us the positivity on that segment. The asset quality in that segment has also held up well. So we continue to mine that space within our parameters going forward.

And sir, in the RBI policy recently, they had mentioned about Indian banks being allowed to participate in cross-border or fund cross-border M&As and also there were a lot of relaxations that have come in. So if you could just share some thoughts as to how does it kind of open up opportunities for larger banks to participate in larger cross-border transactions, which hitherto were not kind of available and most of that money was being raised in the overseas markets.

Yes. So I think this certainly opens up avenue for large banks to participate, in fact, for most banks to participate. We will await the draft -- we will await the guidelines from -- the final guidelines from the regulator as well as the draft guidelines which have to come out over here. I do believe that there is a large market available, which was being financed offshore or to a smaller extent being addressed by the NBFCs or by alternate funds. This would now be available to banks, and we will most certainly examine this and look at it and be able to participate given our clientele and the depth of our balance sheet.

Ladies and gentlemen, we'll take that as the last question. I'll now hand the conference over to Mr. Vaidyanathan for closing comments.

Thank you. Thank you. I want to take this opportune time to wish all of you a very happy festival time with your family and friends. Have a great weekend. Bye-bye. And if you have any more questions or comments and clarifications required, please feel free to reach out to our Investor Relations. We'll be happy to engage. Thank you. Bye-bye.

Thank you very much. On behalf of HDFC Bank Limited, that concludes this conference. Thank you for joining us, and you may now disconnect your lines. Thank you.