Norfolk Southern Stock

📈 What is it?

Market capitalization shows how much a company is currently worth on the stock market.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It helps classify companies by size (Large, Mid, Small Cap) and indicates their market presence and relative stability.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Enterprise Value represents the total cost to acquire a company — including its debt and excluding its cash reserves.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

EV gives a more complete picture of a company's value than market cap alone and is used in key valuation ratios like EV/FCF or EV/Sales.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Net Debt shows how much debt remains after subtracting a company’s available cash reserves.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It indicates how dependent a company is on borrowed money and how easily it can service its debt in the short term.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Cash represents all liquid assets a company can access immediately — including cash, bank deposits, and short-term investments.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It reflects a company’s financial flexibility and resilience — enabling investments, buybacks, or buffer in downturns.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Shares outstanding represent the total number of a company’s shares currently held by investors — excluding treasury stock.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It’s the basis for key metrics like Earnings Per Share (EPS), Market Capitalization, or the Price/Earnings ratio (P/E).

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

The P/E ratio shows how many times a company's earnings per share are reflected in its current share price — in other words, how "expensive" the stock appears relative to its profits.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

The P/E ratio is one of the most widely used valuation metrics. It helps investors assess whether a stock appears cheap or expensive compared to its earnings power.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

The P/S ratio shows how much investors are paying for $1 of the company’s revenue – regardless of profitability.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

P/S is especially useful for evaluating growth companies or businesses not yet profitable. It reflects how the market values the company’s sales.

📈 What is it?

EV/Sales shows how much investors are paying for $1 of revenue — considering not just equity, but also debt and cash. It’s the capital structure–adjusted version of the P/S ratio.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It’s ideal for comparing companies with different levels of debt. It reflects a company's true cost relative to its revenue.

📈 What is it?

EV/FCF shows how many years it would take for a company to "pay back" its enterprise value using its free cash flow.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It focuses on real cash generation, ignoring accounting noise — ideal for assessing profitability and value based on liquidity, not earnings.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

The P/B ratio compares a company’s market value to its book value — showing how much investors are paying for each dollar of net assets.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

P/B is commonly used for asset-heavy industries like banks or industrials. It helps assess whether a stock is trading above or below its net asset value.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Dividend per Share shows how much cash a company pays out to shareholders for each share they own – usually on an annual or quarterly basis.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

DPS is the absolute value of the payout per share – crucial for income-focused investors and dividend strategies.

🧮 Calculation

📈 What is it?

Dividend yield shows how large a company’s dividend is in relation to its current share price.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It allows investors to compare dividend payouts across stocks, regardless of price or payout size.

📈 What is it?

Dividend growth shows how much a company has increased its dividend per share over time.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

Consistently rising dividends are often a sign of financial strength and shareholder orientation – especially relevant for long-term investors.

📈 What is it?

The payout ratio shows what percentage of a company’s earnings (per share) is distributed to shareholders as dividends.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

It helps assess whether the dividend is sustainable – especially in relation to the company’s profitability.

📈 What is it?

This metric shows how many consecutive years a company has raised its dividend per share – without any cuts or pauses.

🧮 How is it calculated?

🏛️ Why is it important?

A long track record of increases reflects financial strength, consistency, and shareholder commitment.